434 MAGNOLIACEA. 
cotyledons. They are placed here in accordance with the views of 
Bentham and Hooker. 
Distribution and Numbers.—They are natives of Japan and 
North America. Tilustrative Genera :—Calycanthus, Chimo- 
nanthus. These are the only 2 genera, which include 6 species. 
Properties and Uses. —The flowers generally are fragrant and 
aromatic; and the bark of Calycanthus floridus, Carolina All- 
spice, is sometimes used in the United States as a substitute for 
Cinnamon bark, 
Order 4. Maanoiace®&, the Magnolia Order.—Character. 
—Treesor shrubs, with alternate leathery leaves (fig. 336), and with 
usually large convolute stipules which enclose the leaf-bud and fall 
off asitexpands. Sepals usually three to six, deciduous. Petals 
three or more, hypogynous, in two or more rows. Stamens 
numerous, hypogynous (fig. 604, e). Carpels several, one-celled, 
often arranged upon an elongated thalamus (fig. 604, ce). Fruit 
consisting of numerous dry or succulent, dehiscent (fig. 667) 
or mdehiscent carpels, which are distinct or united at the base. 
Seeds anatropous, with or without an aril, solitary or several, 
often suspended from the fruit by a long funiculus (fig. 667) ; 
embryo minute ; albumen fleshy, homogeneous. 
Diagnosis.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, leathery. 
Stipules usually present, and then large and enveloping the leaf- 
bud, deciduous. Sepals and petals with a ternary arrangement 
of their parts, hypogynous, the former deciduous, the latter 
with an imbricate estivation. Carpels distinct or coherent at 
the base. Albumen homogeneous. 
Division of the Order.—The order may be divided into two 
tribes :— 
Tribe 1. Magnoliex.—Carpels distinct, arranged upon an 
elongated thalamus in a cone-like manner (fig. 604, e). Leaves 
not dotted or scarcely so. Tllustrative Genera :—Liriodendron, 
Linn.; Magnolia, Linn. 
Tribe 2. Winterex.—Carpels united at the base, and forming 
but one whorl. Leaves dotted and often exstipulate. Illustra- 
tive Genera :—Drimys, Forst.; Tlicium, Lini. 
Distribution and Numbers.—The majority of the plants of 
this order are found in North America. Some also occur in the 
West Indies, Japan, China, India, South America, Australia, 
and New Zealand. None have been found in Africa or any of 
the adjoining islands, or in Europe. The order contains about 
170 species. 
Properties and Uses.—These plants are chiefly remarkable 
for bitter, tonic, and aromatic properties. 
Drimys Winteri.—The bark, which was formerly known under the name 
of Winter’s Bark, has tonic, aromatic, antiscorbutic, and stimulant proper- 
ties. It was often confounded with Canella Bark, which has been termed 
Spurious Winter’s Bark. It was formerly much employed in this country, 
but at present it is very rarely or ever used. The Winter’s Bark, as 
now found in commerce, is commonly obtained from Cinnamodendron 
