VIOLACEA. 456 
Properties and Uses.—These plants have generally resinous 
and balsamic properties. Some are regarded as stimulant, ex- 
pectorant, and emmenagogue. 
Cistus creticus—The fragrant resinous substance called Ladanum or 
Labdanum is obtained from this plant in the Levant, and also from C. 
ladaniferus, C. laurifolius, and C. salvifolius. Ladanum was formerly used 
as a stimulant and expectorant ; and is still employed by the Turks asa 
perfume, and for fumigation. 
Order 8. VioLacex, the Violet Order. —Character.— 
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate (jig. 379), with an in- 
volute vernation, alternate or sometimes opposite. Sepals 5 (fig. 
797), persistent, imbricate, usually prolonged at the base. Petals 
5 (fig. 797), hypogynous, equal or unequal, one usually spurred. 
Stamens equal in number to the petals (jig. 797), and usually 
alternate with them, or rarely opposite, inserted on a hypo- 
gynous disk, often unequal ; anthers 2-celled, sometimes united 
Fie. 900. 
Fic. 901. 
Fig. 900. Essential organs of the Pansy ( Viola tricolor). st. Obliquely hooded 
stigma. a. United anthers, two having long spurred appendages at the 
base.——Fiig. 901. Vertical section of the seed. 
(fig. 900), introrse ; filaments short and broad (fig. 900), and 
elongated, so as to project beyond the anthers (fig. 527) ; when 
the flowers are irregular, two of the anthers are spurred at the 
base (figs. 527 and 900). Ovary 1-celled (jig. 33), with 3 pari- 
etal placentas (fig. 797) ; style single, usually declinate (jig. 33) ; 
stigma capitate, oblique, hooded (jig. 900, st); ovwes usually 
numerous (fig. 33, 0,0). Fruit capsular, 3-valved, dehiscence 
loculicidal ; placentas parietal, on the middle of the valves (jig. 
681). Seeds usually numerous (fig. 681), sometimes definite ; 
embryo straight, erect, in the axis of fleshy albumen (jig. 901). 
Diagnosis.—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate, and 
with involute vernation. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each, 
hypogynous. Stamens all perfect; anthers introrse with the 
filaments prolonged beyond them, and sometimes having spur- 
like appendages below. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal pla- 
centas.; style and stigma single. Fruit 1-celled, dehiscing by 
