CANELLACE.Z.—BIXACE. 457 
and have no appendages. The fruit also bursts septicidally, 
and hence each valve bears the placentas at its margins. 
Distribution and Nwmbers.—They are natives chiefly of South 
America and the West Indies. Lllustrative Genera :—Sauva- 
gesia, Linn. ; Lavradia, Velloz. There are about 15 species. 
Properties and Uses.—But little is known of the properties 
of the plants in this order. Sawvagesia erecta contains a good 
deal of mucilaginous matter, and has been used internally as a 
diuretic, and in inflammation of the bowels, and also externally 
in diseases of the eye. 
Order 10. CANELLACE®, the Canella Order.—Diagnosis.— 
By some authors this small order is placed in Clusiacez ; it 
is, however, at once distinguished from the Clusiacez, by its 
general appearance ; alternate leaves ; longitudinal dehiscence 
of anthers; absence of disk; presence of a style; and albu- 
minous seeds. It is placed here in accordance with the views 
of Bentham and Hooker. 
Distribution and Numbers.—This order contains but 2 
genera and 3 species. They are natives of the West Indies 
and continent of America. 
Properties and Uses.——These plants have aromatic, stimulant, 
and tonic properties ; being closely allied in these respects to 
the Magnoliacee. 
Canella alba, the Laurel-leaved Canella or Wild Cinnamon.—The inner 
bark of this plant is the official Canella of the British Pharmacopeia. It 
has been confounded, as already noticed, with Winter’s Bark, and hence 
has been called Spurious Winter’s Bark. (See Drimys.) In its properties 
it is a warm aromatic stimulant and tonic. In America it has been 
employed as an antiscorbutic. In the West Indies, and in some parts of 
Europe, it is used as a spice. It has an odour intermediate between cloves 
and cinnamon. By distillation it yields a volatile oil, to the presence of 
which its properties are, in a great measure, due ; it also contains a peculiar 
bitter principle. 
Cinnamodendron.—C. avillare, a native of Brazil, and C. corticosum, a 
native of Jamaica, &c., have aromatic barks, which possess similar pro- 
perties to the bark of Canella alba.—C. corticosum yields the so-called 
Winter’s Bark, as now commonly found in commerce. (See Drimys.) 
Order 11. Bixace®, the Arnatto Order.—Character.— 
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, usually 
entire and leathery, and very often dotted. Flowers poly- 
petalous or apetalous ; usually hermaphrodite, but sometimes 
unisexual. Sepals 4—7, somewhat united at the base. Petals 
hypogynous, distinct, equal in number to the sepals and alter- 
nate with them, or sometimes absent ; sometimes with scales 
at the base. Stamens hypogynous, of the same number as the 
petals, or some multiple of them. Ovary 1- or more celled, 
sessile or slightly stalked ; placentas 2 or more, parietal, some- 
times branched so as to form a network over the inner surface 
of the ovary and fruit. Fruit 1-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent, 
having a thin pulp in its centre. Seeds numerous, usually 
