500 RUTACER. 
Division of the Order and Illustrative Genera.—The Rutaceze 
have been variously divided, and Bentham and Hooker have 
largely extended the order by including the orders Aurantiaceze 
and Xanthoxylaceze of former botanists, which arrangement is 
here adopted. As thus extended, they have divided it into the 
following tribes :— Cusparieze, Ruteze, Diosmez, Boroniez, 
Xanthoxylez, Toddaliezx, and Aurantiez. Illustrative Genera : 
—Ruta, Touwrn.; Barosma, Willd. ; Xanthoxylon, Kunth. ; 
Toddalia, Juss.; Citrus, Linn. 
The Xanthoxyles are especially distinguished by their poly- 
gamous flowers; and the Aurantieze by the blade of their leaves 
being articulated to the petiole (jig. 320), their deciduous im- 
bricate petals (fig. 935), and their peculiar fruit (hesperidiwm) 
(fig. 715). 
Distribution and Numbers.—The Ruteze are found chiefly in 
the southern part of the temperate zone and in Northern Asia ; 
the genera Diosma, Barosma, &c., abound at the Cape of Good 
Hope ; other genera are found in Australia; and some in 
equinoctial America. Xanthoxyleze are mostly American ; 
Aurantieze usually East Indian. There are about 620 species. 
Properties and Uses.—The Rutez are generally characterised 
by a powerful penetrating odour, and bitter taste. Im medicine 
they are employed as antispasmodics, tonics, febrifuges, diure- 
tics, &c. The Xanthoylez are almost universally characterised 
by pungent and aromatic properties, and sometimes by bitter- 
ness. In medicine, they have been employed as stimulants, 
sudorifics, febrifuges, tonics, sialogogues, and emmenagogues. 
The Auranties abound in glands containing essential oils, 
which render them fragrant ; hence such oils are useful in 
perfumery, and for flavouring, and other purposes. These 
volatile oils are especially abundant in the leaves, the petals, 
and the rind of the fruit. The latter also contains a bitter tonic 
principle. The pulp of the fruit has an acid or somewhat saccha- 
rine taste; and the wood is always hard, and of a compact 
nature. 
Adenandra fragrans.—The leaves are sometimes used to adulterate 
Buchu. 
Aégle Marmelos, Indian Bael.—The half-ripe fruit is a favourite 
remedy in India as a demulcent and astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery. 
In a dried state it is official in the British Pharmacopoeia, but it appears 
in this condition to be far less active than when fresh. Mangosteen rind 
has been substituted for it in this country, as first noticed by the author 
of this volume. (See Garcinia.) The bark of the root likewise possesses 
astringent properties. Its leaves are also reputed to be useful in asthmatic 
complaints. The rind of the ripe fruit yields a pleasant perfume, and its 
pulp is described as being very nutritious and most pleasant to the taste ; it 
possesses, moreover, laxative properties. 
Amyris.—(See Burseracee. ) 
Barosma.—The leaves of several species, which are commonly known as 
Buchu leaves, are used in medicine for their aromatic, stimulant, anti- 
spasmodic, and diuretic properties; they seem also to have a specific in- 
