RUTACEA. 508 
substituted for it in this country ; the ripe fruit is stated to be antiscorbutic. 
This fruit is commonly known under the name of the Elephant or Wood- 
apple. 
Galipea Cusparia.—This species is the source of Cusparia or Angustura 
Bark, which is official in the British Pharmacopeeia. ‘This bark is imported 
directly or indirectly from South America, It is used in medicine as a 
stimulant tonic and febrifuge, in small doses; while in large doses it is 
somewhat emetic and purgative. It has fallen into disrepute on the Con- 
tinent, in consequence of the substitution for it formerly of the poisonous 
bark of Strychnos Nuz-vomica. At one time, indeed, the substitution was 
so common that the importation of Angustura Bark into Austria was pro- 
hibited, and the whole of it then found in that empire was ordered to be 
destroyed. At the present time such a substitution is never met with 
although it occurred in Dublin about thirty years ago. 
Murraya (Bergera) Konigii—The bark, root, and leaves of this plant are 
employed by the native practitioners in India for their tonic and stomachic 
properties, 
Pilocarpus pennatifolius.—The leaves of this plant, which is a native of 
Brazil, are the source of the drug known under the name of Jaborandi. 
Jaborandi is now official in the British Pharmacopeeia. It is an energetic 
diaphoretic and sialogogue. It owes its properties to a peculiar alkaloid 
named pilocarpine, the nitrate of which is official in the British Pharma- 
copceia.—P. Selloanus, an allied species or variety of the above, is also stated 
to afford Jaborandi. This name Jaborandi is likewise applied in South 
America to several other plants of very different affinities. A species of 
pepper, Piper Jaborandi, is especially so designated. 
Ptelea—The root-bark is much employed by the eclectic practitioners in 
_the United States of America as a tonic in remittent and intermittent 
fevers. The fruit is very bitter and aromatic, and has been used as a 
substitute for Hops, while the young green shoots are reputed to possess 
anthelmintic properties. 
Ruta.—R. graveolens, Common Rue.—This plant, which is a native of 
Europe, has a very powerful disagreeable peculiar odour, which it owes to 
the presence of a volatile oil, which is official in the British Pharma- 
copeeia. Its taste is bitter and nauseous. It is used in medicine as an anti- 
spasmodic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, stimulant, and carminative. It has 
been regarded for ages as most beneficial in warding off contagion, and in 
keeping off noxious insects. This plant is said to be the Peganon of the 
New Testament (Luke xi. 42).— Ruta montana possesses very acrid proper- 
ties ; so much so, indeed, as to blister the hands of those who gather it. 
Ticorea febrifuga, a native of South America, has a febrifugal bark 
which is used in some districts as a substitute for Peruvian Bark. 
Toddalia aculeata.—The bark of the root is official in the Pharmacopceia 
of India. It possesses aromatic tonic, stimulant, and antiperiodic properties, 
and was formerly known in Europe under the name of Lopez root, and used 
as a remedy in diarrhea. 
Xanthoxylon (Zanthorylum).—The species of this genus possess in a 
remarkable degree pungent and aromatic properties; hence they are popu- 
larly termed Peppers in their native countries. In America they are 
commonly known, from their prickly bark, under the name of Prickly Ash. 
The fruit of X. piperitum is employed by the Chinese and Japanese as a 
condiment, and as an antidote against all poisons. It is generally termed 
in commerce Japanese Pepper. The aromatic pungent properties appear to 
be confined to the pericarp.—X. alatum yields an analogous pepper to the 
above, and Stenhouse has described two peculiar principles which he obtained 
from it, viz. an oil and a stearoptene: the former is a pure hydrocarbon, to 
which the aromatic odour of the pepper is due, and to which he has given 
the name of Xanthorylene; the latter is a crystalline solid body consisting 
