512 AQUIFOLIACEZ.—CELASTRACE. 
suspended ovule in each cell; placentas axile. Frwit fleshy, 
indehiscent. Seed suspended; embryo small, at the base of a 
large quantity of fleshy albumen ; ; radicle superior. 
“Distribution and Numbers .—They are widely although 
sparingly scattered over the globe. Only one species, the 
‘common Holly, is found in Europe. Jilustrative Genera :—Ilex, 
Linn. ; Prinos, Linn. There are about 115 species. 
Properties and Uses.—Bitter, tonic, and astringent properties 
are those chiefly found in the plants of this order. Some are 
emetic and purgative, while others are largely used as a kind of 
Tea. 
Ilex.—The leaves and bark of I. Aquifolium, the Common Holly, have 
been employed in intermittent fevers. The berries are purgative and ‘emetic. 
Bird-lime is prepared from the bark, and its white wood is used by cabinet 
makers for inlaying. A decoction of the leaves of J. vomitoria constitutes 
the Black drink of the Cree Indians. The dried leaves and young twigs 
of I. naraguayensis, the Brazilian or Paraguay Holly, and other species or 
varieties, are extensively employed in South America as Tea, under the 
name of Maté or Paraguay Tea. Itis remarkable that Maté contains Theine, 
the alkaloid already noticed as existing in China Tea, &c. (See Thea, page 
472.) Like China Tea it also contains a volatile oil, tannic acid, and gluten ; 
its properties are therefore somewhat similar. but it is more exciting, and 
when taken to excess produces a kind of intoxication. In Brazil a kind of 
Maté, called Gongonha, is also prepared from J. Gongonha and J. theezans. 
Maté tea is generally used in Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chili, and 
other parts of South America. The consumption of Maté in the various 
South American Republics is from 20 to 40 millions of pounds annually, 
From the great astringency of the fresh leaves of I. paraguayensis, I. Gon- 
gonha, and other species, they are used by the dyers in Brazil. The unripe 
fruits of Z. Macoucoua contain much tannic acid, and are employed in 
dyeing cotton. 
Prinos g'aber.—The leaves of this plant. which is a native of North 
America, are used as a substitute for China Tea. This is known under the 
name of Appalachian Tea. (See Viburnum.) The bark of P. verticillatus, 
called Black A/der Bark or Winter Berry, is employed in the United States 
in the form of a decoction, as a tonic and astringent. 
Cohort 3. Celastrales.—Calyx imbricate or valvate. Gynoecium 
synearpous; ovules erect; raphe ventral. Seeds usually 
albuminous; radicle inferior. Nearly always trees or shrubs. 
Order 1, CELASTRACE®, the Spindle-tree Order. —Charac- 
ter. —Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, generally alternate, 
or rarely opposite, with small deciduous stipules. Sepals 4—5, 
imbricate. Petals with imbricate estivation, equal in number 
to the sepals, inserted on a large disk; sometimes wanting. 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted 
on the disk ; anthers innate. Disk large, flat, expanded. Ovary 
sessile, superior, surrounded by the disk, 2—5-celled, each cell 
with 2 ovules; ovules erect, with a short stalk. Frwt superior, 
2—5-celled, either drupaceous and indehiscent, or capsular with 
loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds with (fig. 758) or without an aril ; 
