ARALIACE. 577 
. 
other species. It exudes from the stem seemingly to some extent spon- 
taneously, but principally in consequence of punctures produced by innumer- 
able beetles when the plant has attained perfection. It appears to be solely 
collected in Persia. The root of D. Ammoniacum is used in India‘in the 
Parsee fire-temples as incense, and is imported from Persia under the name 
of Boi. This root is the source of the Indian Sumbul-root of Pereira. 
Asafetida.—This is obtained by incision from the living roots of Ferula 
Narthex, Boiss.. F. Scorodosma, Benth. et Hook. fil., and probably other 
species, as F. alliacea, in Thibet, Afghanistan, and Persia. We have. how- 
ever, no positive evidence of F. Narther having) been found except in Thibet. 
The fruit is also sometimes employed in India under the name of Anjudan. 
Galbanum.—This gum-resin is principally derived from Ferula galbani- 
flua, Boiss. et Buhse ; but also from F. rubricaulis, Boiss., and probably 
from F. Schair, Boszezow, and other species. 
Opoponaz appears to be obtained from incisions into the living root of 
Opoponax Chironium, which was formerly called Pastinaca Opoponaz. 
Sagapenum.—Nothing positive is known with respect to the plant vielding’ 
this substance. It has been supposed to be derived from the root of Ferula 
persica, or some other species of Ferula. 
Thapsia garganica is said to be the Silphium plant of the ancients. The 
gum-resin from which the blistering property has been removed has been 
highly recommended as a remedy in pulmonary affections, more especially 
in phthisis. The Silphium plant is, however, sometimes stated to be the 
Narthex Silphium, Oersted. 
Order 2. ARALIACEH, the Ivy Order.—Character.—Trees, 
shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate (fig. 225). 
Flowers generally in umbels or capitate, usually perfect (fig. 972) 
or rarely unisexual. Calyx more or less superior ( fig. 972), entire 
or toothed. Petals (fig. 972), 2, 4, 5, 
10, deciduous, almost always valvate in 
eestivation or rarely imbricate, generally 
distinct or rarely monopetalous ; occa- 
sionally wanting. Stamens correspond- 
ing in number to the petals and alternate 
with them (fig. 972), or twice as many, 
inserted on the outside of a disk which 
crowns the ovary; «anthers introrse, 
versatile (fig. 972), with longitudinal 
dehiscence. Ovary (fig. 972) more or 
less inferior, usually with more than 2 
cells, or very rarely 1-celled, crowned 
by a disk, each cell with a solitary Reg. 97a Mloweent tha ceae 
pendulous anatropous ovule; styles as mon Ivy (Hedera Helix). 
many as the cells, sometimes united ; 
stigmas simple. Fruit usually 3- or more celled, succulent or 
dry, each cell with 1 pendulous seed, with fleshy albumen. 
Diagnosis. —Closely allied to Umbelliferze, from which it may 
be generally distinguished by the valvate estivation of the 
corolla; and by the fruit being usually 3- or more celled, the 
carpels of which do not separate when ripe from a carpophore. 
There is also a greater tendency among Araliaceze to form a 
woody stem than in Umbellifere. 
Fie. 972. 
PP 
