RUBIACEA. 085 
ointment, and in the preparation of the official Elder-flower Water. The 
inner bark, buds, and leaves have more or less purgative and emetic pro- 
perties. The fruit is also mildly aperient and diuretic, It is extensively 
used for the purpose of adulterating Port-wine, and in the manufacture of 
Elder Wine. The wood is also employed for making skewers, &c., and 
the pith in electrical experiments. The flowers of S. canadensis have 
similar properties to those of S. nigra, and are official in the United States 
Pharmacopeeia. 
Triosteum perfoliatum is a mild purgative and emetic. Its roastedseeds 
have been used as a substitute for coffee. 
Viburnum.—V. Lantana, the Mealy Guelder Rose, or Wayfaring Tree, 
has a very acrid inner bark. It is sometimes considered as a vesicant.— V. 
Opulus, the Guelder Rose, is commonly regarded as emetic and cathartic.— 
V. cassinoides. ‘The leaves of this plant, mixed with those of Prinos glaber, 
are employed in North America as a substitute for Tea, under the name of 
Appalachian Tea (see Prinos). The black fruits of the Himalaya species 
are edible and agreeable. 
Order 2. RupiacEm, the Madder Order.—Character.— 
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Stemsrounded orangular. Leaves simple, 
entire, and either opposite and with interpetiolar stipules (fig. 
382), or whorled and exstipulate (fig. 286). (Although piacti- 
cally we speak of whorled exstipulate leaves, the whorls of apparent 
Fic. 976. BiG. Our Fic. 978. Fic. 979. 
Fig. 976. Diagram of the flower of the Madder (Rubia tinetorum ).——Fig. 
977. Pistil of the Madder, with its ovary adherent to the calyx, cal. 
si, Styles and stigmas. Fig. 978. Pistil of the Goose-grass or Cleavers 
(Galium Aparine) adherent to the calyx, 6, by its ovary. sz, Styles. 
Fig. 979. Vertical section of the fruit and seeds of the same. @. Albumen. 
c. Embryo. pl. Placenta, . 
leaves are in reality partly formed of leaves and partly of stipules 
which resemble the true leaves in appearance.) Inflorescence cymose. 
Calyx superior (figs. 977, cal, and 978, b), with the limb 4—6- 
toothed or entire, or obsolete. Corolla epigynous, monopetalous, 
regular, tubular or rotate, with its lobes corresponding in 
number to the teeth of the calyx when the latter is divided ; 
xstivation valvate (fig. 976). Stamens inserted upon the corolla 
and equal in number to, and alternate with, its lobes (fig. 976). 
Ovary inferior (figs. 977 and 978), crowned by a disk, usually 
2-celled (fig. 976) or sometimes more; style 1 or 2 (figs. 977 and 
978, st); stigma simple or divided. Frwit inferior, 2-celled or 
rarely more, dry or succulent, indehiscent or separating into 
two or more dry cocci. Seeds 1 (fig. 979), 2, or more, in each 
