VALERIANACEZ. 4589 
from Cephaélis Ipecacuanha, but it is not so active. It is commonly known 
as undulated, white, or amylaceous Ipecacuanha. It is not used in this 
country. 
Rubia.—R. tinctorum.—The dried root is known under the name of 
Madder, and is one of the most important of vegetable dyes. It is largely 
cultivated in France, Holland, and other countries. In France it is known 
under the name of Garance. In the Levant, R. peregrina is also cultivated, 
and yields Levant Madder ; the roots are also called Turkey- roots in com- 
merce. Madder is imported in two forms, namely, entire, and in a round 
state. There are four kinds of Dutch Maddex, known respectively as crop 
(the best), ombro, gumene, and mull (the worst). In the living state; madder- 
root only contains a yellow colouring principle, called rubian ; but no fewer 
than five colouring matters have been obtained from the root of commerce, 
called respectively madder purple (purpurin), red (alizarin), orange, yellow, 
and brown; it would appear, therefore, that these latter must be all derived 
from the single yellow colouring principle. Alizarin is by far the most 
valuable of these colouring substances. Besides its use as a dyeing material, 
Madder was long employed in medicine as a tonie and diuretic, and was 
also regarded as a valuable emmenagogue ; its virtues, however, as a medi- 
cine are very trifling, and it is no longer employed by the medical practi- 
tioner. Besides the roots of R. tinetorum and R. peregrina, those of other 
Species are likewise employed in different parts of the world for dyeing: 
thus, the roots of R. cordifolia or Munjista, a native of the East Indies, are 
used in Bengal, &c., and are occasionally imported into this country under 
the name of munjeet. The roots of R. Relboun are also employed in Chili 
for dyeing. 
Sarcocephalus esculentus (Cephalina esculenta).—The fruit is the Sierra 
Leone Peach. The bark is said to have astringent, tonic, and febrifugal 
properties. 
Uncaria Gambier.—An extract prepared from the leaves and young 
shoots of this plant constitutes the kind of Catechu which is known in com- 
merce as Gambir, Gambier, Pale Catechu, and Terra Japonica, and by 
druggists as Catechu in square cakes; it is official in the British Pharma- 
copeeia, and Pharmacopeia of India. Catechu is one of the most powerful 
of astringents, and is extensively employed in tanning and dyeing, and also 
in medicine ; it is also largely consumed in the East, as it forms one of the 
ingredients in the famed masticatory called Betel—U. acida, probably 
only a variety of the preceding, also appears to yield a portion of the Gam- 
bier of commerce. 
Cohort 2. Asterales.—Stamens epipetalous and alternate with 
the lobes of the corolla when equal to them in number. 
Ovary 1-celled ; ovule solitary. Fruit dry and indehiscent. 
Seeds usually exalbuminous, but sometimes albuminous. 
Leaves exstipulate. 
Order 1. VALERIANACE®, the Valerian Order.—Charac- 
ter.—Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers cymose, 
hermaphrodite (figs. 494 and 495) or rarely unisexual. 
Calyx superior ( figs. 494, c, and 980, ca), with the limb obsolete, 
membranous, or pappose. Corolla epigynous, monopetalous 
(figs. 494 and 495), tubular, imbricate, 3—-6-lobed, regular or 
irregular, sometimes spurred at the base (jig. 495). Stamens 
1—5, distinct, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted 
in its tube (figs. 494 and 495). Ovary inferior (fig. 980), with 
