#: 
CALYCERACE. 591 
gether unimportant. Dipsacus Fullonum is, however, an im- 
portant economical species. 
Dipsacus Fullonum, Fuller’s Teazel.—The dried capitula are used by 
fullers in dressing cloth, for which they are well adapted, as their hard 
Fie. 981. Fic. 982. 
Fig. 981. Fruit of Scabiosa purpurea, 
surmounted by the pappose calyx, 
Fig. 982. One of the central florets of 
the capitulum of Scabiosa purpurea, 
with the ovary, &c., cut vertica!ly. 
stiff hooked bracts raise the nap, without tearing the stuff like metal in- 
struments. In 1860 no less than 20,000,000 teazels were imported into this 
country from France. 
Scabiosa succisa is called the Devil’s-bit Scabious, on account of its 
abruptly terminated rhizome or root. It is said to be astringent, and to 
yield a green dye. The inflorescence sometimes develops in an umbellate 
‘manner, as in a specimen described by the author in the Pharmaceutical 
Jourygl, ser. i. vol. Xvil. p. 363, thus exhibiting a marked deviation from the 
development in capitula which is the ordinary arrangement in the plants 
of this order. 
Order 3. CALYCERACE®, the Calycera Order.—Charac- 
ter.—Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in capitula, 
surrounded by an involucre. Calyx superior, irregular, 5-lobed. 
Corolla epigynous, monopetalous ; regular, valvate, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5, epipetalous ; filaments monadelphous ; anthers par- 
tially united. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous. 
Fruit indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous, with fleshy albu- 
men ; radicle superior. 
Diagnosis.—These plants hold an intermediate position be- 
tween Dipsaceze and Composite, being distinguished from the 
former by their alternate leaves, absence of involucel to their 
individual florets, valvate estivation of corolla, monadelphous 
filaments, and partially united anthers ; and from the Composite 
in their anthers being only partially united, and in their pendu- 
lous albuminous seed, and superior radicle. 
Distribution and Numbers.—Exclusively natives of South 
America, especially the cooler parts. Illustrative Genera :— 
