594 COMPOSITA. 
the Natural Order Composite as above defined), were arranged 
in five orders, under the names of Polygamia xqualis, P. swper- 
flua, P. frustranea, P. necessaria, and P. segregata. ‘The cha- 
racters of these have been already stated at page 412. Jussieu 
separated the Composite into three sub-orders as follows :—1. 
Corymbiferx, the plants of which have either all tubular (floseu- 
lows) and perfect florets ; or those of the disk (centre) tubular 
and perfect, and those of the ray (circumference) tubular and 
pistilliferous, or ligulate (radiant). 2. Cynarocephalez, the florets 
of which are all tubular and perfect; or those in the centre 
perfect, and those of the rayneuter. And 3. Cichoraceex, having 
all the florets ligulate and perfect. A fourth sub-order was 
afterwards added, called Labiatifore, which includes those 
plants the florets of which were bilabiate, and which were un- 
known to Jussieu. The arrangement most frequently adopted 
at the present day is that of De Candolle ; this was founded on 
that of Lessing. It is as follows :-— 
Sub-order 1. TusuLirtor#®.—Florets all tubular and perfect ; 
or those of the centre (disk) are tubular, and alone perfect, 
while those of the circumference (ray) are tubular or ligulate, 
and pistillate or neuter; juice watery. This sub-order in- 
cludes the Corymbiferzee and Cynarocephale of Jussieu. It 
has been divided into five tribes as follows :— 
Tribe 1. Vernoniex.—Style cylindrical ; its arms generally long 
and subulate, sometimes short and blunt, always covered 
all over with bristles (fig. 987, 1). Illustrative Genera :— 
Vernonia, Schreb. ; Elephantopus, Linn. 
Tribe 2. Hupatoriex.—Style cylindrical; its arms long and 
somewhat clavate, with a papillose surface on the outside near 
the end (fig. 987, 2). Illustrative Genera :—EKupatorium, 
Tourn. ; Tussilago, Tourn. 
Tribe 3. Asteroidex.—Style cylindrical; its arms linear, flat 
on the outside, equally and finely downy on the inside ( fig. 
987, 3). Illustrative Genera :—Erigeron, Linn. ; Bellis, Linn. 
Tribe 4. Senecioidex.—Style cylindrical, its arms linear, fringed 
at the point, generally truncate, but sometimes extended 
beyond the fringe intoa short cone or appendage of some kind 
(fig. 987, 4and5). Illustrative Genera :—Anthemis, Lim. ; 
Senecio, Linn. 
The above four tribes correspond to the sub-order Corymbiferee 
of Jussieu ; the next or fifth tribe to the Cynarocephalee of the 
same author. 
Tribe 5. Cynarex.—Style thickened above, and often with a 
bunch or fringe of hairs at the enlarged portion ; its branches 
united or free (fig. 987, 6). Illustrative Genera :—Arctium, 
Linn. ; Centaurea, Linn. 
Sub-order 2. LapraTirFLor&.—Florets with bilabiate corollas, 
