596 COMPOSITZ—TUBULIFLORA, 
to the presence of a bitter principle, and a volatile oil. Some are esculent 
vegetables. 
Achillea Millefolium, Yarrow or Milfoil, was formerly extolled as an 
excellent vulnerary and styptic. It is regarded in the United States of 
America, where the leaves and flowering tops are official, as tonic, stimulant, 
sudorific, and antispasmodic. In the form of a warm infusion they are also 
emetic. According to Linnzus, this plant was employed in his time in 
Sweden to increase the intoxicating properties of beer. Formerly it had a 
high reputation as avulnerary ; hence its name of Nose-bleed.—A. moschata 
is known in Switzerland as ‘ Forest Lady’s Herb,’ and has been used there 
for centuries as a stomachic tonic. It is also termed ‘ Iva.’ 
Anacyclus.— A. Pyrethrum, Pellitory of Spain.—The root is official in 
the British Pharmacopceia; it is employed as an energetic local irritant 
and sialagogue, in toothache, relaxation of the uvula, &c.—A. officinarum 
of Hayne, German Pellitory, has similar properties. The root is commonly 
used in Germany. 
Anthemis nobilis, Chamomile or Camomile.—This plant is extensively 
cultivated for the sake of its flower- heads, which are official in the British 
Pharmacopeeia, and much employed internally for their stimulant, tonic, 
and antispasmodic properties ; and also externally for fomentations. These 
properties are due to a bitter principle (anthemic acid), and a volatile oil. 
The flowers constitute the Roman or True Chamomiles of the Materia 
Medica. The oil of Chamomile is also much used as a remedy in flatulence, 
and as an addition to purgative pills to prevent their griping action. It 
is official in the British Pharmacopceia.—A. Cotula, Mayweed, has similar 
properties, but its disagreeable odour is an obstacle to its more general use. 
Aplopappus discoideus, DC , is said to be the source of a kind of Damiana, 
a drug used in the United States and elsewhere as an aphrodisiac. (See 
Turnera.) 
Aplotaxis Lappa (Aucklandia Costus).—The root of this plant, which is 
a native of Cashmere, is said by Falconer to be the Costus of the ancients. 
It is chiefly used as a perfume, and for burning as incense. It is also em- 
ployed by the Chinese as an aphrodisiac. 
Arctium Lappa.—The root is employed in the United States in gouty, 
rheumatic, scrofulous, and other affections, and is reputed to be aperient, 
diuretic, and diaphoretic. 
Arnica montana, Mountain Arnica, Mountain Tobacco, or Leopard’s- 
bane, is an acrid stimulant. The flowers and rhizome have been employed 
in typhoid fevers, amaurosis, paralysis, &c. It is termed on the Continent 
Panacea lapsorum, from the power it possesses of absorbing tumours and 
destroying the effects of bruises, when applied externally, Arnica rhizome 
and rootlets are official in the British Pharmacopeeia. 
Artemisia.—A. Absinthium.—The dried herb, or the flowering tops, under 
the name of Wormwood, is used as an aromatic bitter tonic, and as an 
anthelmintic. The tops and leaves are official in the United States Phar- 
macopeia. They are also employed in the preparation of some liqueurs ; 
particularly of one now very largely consumed in France under the name of 
‘ absinthe,’ the excessive use of which is attended with such injurious effects, 
that they have been designated under the name of absinthism. Although 
doubtless these effects are mainly due to the alcohol which it contains, they 
appear to be also in some degree attributable to a volatile oil which the 
wormwood contains.—A. chinensis—According to Lindley, the Chinese and 
Japanese moxas are prepared from the cottony or woolly covering of the 
leaves of this and other species—A. Dracunculus is Tarragon, the leaves 
of which are sometimes used in pickles, salads, &c.—A. maritima, var. 
Stechmanniana of Besser (A. pauciflora, Weber), is the principal, if not 
the only source of the official Santonica of the British Pharmacopeia. San- 
tonica 1s the produce of Turkestan, and is known as Levant or Alexandrian 
