COMPOSITH—-TUBULIFLORA. 597 
Wormseed. It comes to England by way of Russia. The official part is 
the dried unexpanded flower-heads. Santonica owes its properties essentially 
to the presence of a crystalline neutral principle called santonin, which is 
also official in the British Pharmacopeeia. Both santonica and santonin are 
valuable anthelmintics. Another kind of wormseed, very inferior to the 
above, has been described by pharmacologists under the name of Barbary 
Wormseed. Wormseed is also known by the names of Semen Santonici, 
Semen Contra, Semen Cynx, &c. 
Berthelotia lanceolata or indica, a native of India, has aperient leaves, 
which are said to be a good substitute for the official senna. 
Blumea grandis or balsamifera, a common weed in the Tenasserim pro- 
vinces of the Burman Empire, yields a kind of camphor. It is also in use 
in China. It is known as Blumea or Ngai Camphor. In China it is used in 
medicine, and for perfuming the finer kinds of Chinese ink. 
Calendula officinalis, the Marigold, has yellow florets, which are some- 
times employed to adulterate saffron. A strong tincture of the flowers, ap- 
plied externally to wounds, is said to have a similar effect to that of Arnica. 
Carduus, the Thistle-—Some species of this genus, particularly C. bene- 
dictus, have been used as tonics and febrifuges. 
Carthamus.—C. tinctorius, Safflower or Bastard Saffron.—The florets are 
used in the preparation of a beautiful pink dye. The pink saucers of the 
shops are coloured by it. It is also largely employed in the manufacture of 
rouge. Satiower is sometimes used to adulterate hay saffron. The substance 
called cake saffron is prepared trom it and mucilage. (See Crocus.) The 
fruits, which are commonly called seeds, yield by expression a large quan- 
tity of oil, which is known in India under the name of Koosum Oil. It 
is used principally for burning. The fruits are also purgative, and are 
employed in dropsy.. The fruits of C. persicus also yield a useful oil. 
Cynara.—C. Scolymus.—The young succulent receptacles of this plant 
are used for food, under the name of Artichokes. The edible Cardoons are 
the blanched stalks of the inner leaves of Cynara Cardunculus. 
Erigeron, Fleabane.—The leaves and tops of FE. heterophyllum and E. 
philadelphicum are official in the United States Pharmacopeia. Fleabane 
possesses diuretic properties, and is much used in gravel and other nephritic 
complaints. The leaves and tops of 2. canadense, Canadian Fleabane, are 
likewise official in the United States Pharmacopeeia, and are reputed to be 
tonic, astringent, and diuretic. The oil which is obtained from them is also 
esteemed as an internal remedy in uterine and other hemorrhages. 
Eupatorium.—E., glutinosum.—The leaves of this plant constitute one of 
the substances known as Matico in South America, the different kinds 
of which are employed as styptics. ‘The official matico of this country is, 
however, derived from Piper angustifolium (Artanthe elongata), a plant of 
the Nat. Ord. Piperacee. (See Piper).—FK. ayapuna and EF. perfoliatum 
have been employed as antidotes to the bites of venomous reptiles. They 
are reputed to possess stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic properties. The 
leaves and flowering tops of /. perfoliatum, Thoroughwort, are official in 
the United States Pharmatopeia, Other species, such as 1. purpureum or 
Gravel Root, L£. teucrifolium, E. ageratoides, E.. aromaticum, E. incarnatum, 
E. cannabinum, and EL. nervosum, have also been regarded in the United 
States and elsewhere as of medicinal value. 
Grindelia robusta and G. squurrosa, Gum Plants or Rosin Weeds.—The 
‘dried stems, leaves, and unexpanded flower-heads of these plants, which are 
natives of California, are reputed to form a remedy of very great value in 
asthma, when given internally ; and when applied externally in the form of 
an infusion or decoction, a marvellous effect is said to be produced in the 
eure of the cutaneous eruptions caused by emanations trom the Rhus 
Toxicodendron, or Poison-oak, They are official in the United States 
Pharmacopeia, They are also said to be very useful in hooping-coughs, 
