COMPOSITHZ—LABIATIFLORZ —LIGULIFLORZ, 599 
Tussilago Farfara, Coltsfoot.—This plant is used as a popular remedy in 
chronic coughs and other pulmonary complaints. 
Vernonia anthelmintica.—The seeds are employed in the East Indies as 
an anthelmintic. 
Xanthium spnosum.—The powdered leaves, &c., of this plant are said 
to be a most efficient remedy in hydrophobia ; but they have been found 
useless when employed by regular practitioners, 
Sub-order 2. LABrATIFLOR&.—There are no very important plants 
known to belong to this sub-order; but some have been reputed to possess 
aromatic, mucilaginous, purgative, and tonic properties 
Perezia fruticosa.—The root is much esteemed in Mexico as an agreeable 
and energetic purgative ; its native name is ‘raiz del pipitzahuac.’ Anacid 
of a brilliant golden yellow colour, called pipitzahoic acid, has been obtained 
from it; it is known popularly as ‘ vegetable gold.’ 
Printzia aromatica.—The leaves are sometimes employed at the Cape 
of Good Hope asa substitute for tea. 
Sub-order 3. LicguLi1rLor®.—The plants of this sub-order generally 
contain a milky juice, which commonly possesses alterative, aperient diu- 
retic, or narcotic properties. The roots of some are used as esculent vege- 
tables ; and other species, by cultivation with diminished light, become 
edible as salads. 
Cichorium.—C. Intybus, Chicory.—The Chicory plant is indigenous in 
this and many other parts of Europe. It is also extensively cultivated 
for the sake of its roots, which when roasted and powdered are used as 
a substitute for, or more frequently as an addition to, ground coftee. Above 
100 millions of pounds are annually consumed in Europe. In 1865, the 
consumption in Great Britain alone was about 13 millions of pounds; and 
it is now calculated that in proportion to that of coffee it is nearly 40 per 
cent. It does not, however, possess in any degree the peculiar exciting, 
soothing, and hunger-staying properties of coffee, and its extensive employ- 
ment is much to be deprecated, as it is not unfrequently attended with in- 
jurious effects. The fresh root has been employed in medicine, and is reputed 
to have somewhat similar properties to that of Dandelion. A blue dye 
may be prepared from the leaves.—Cichorium Endivia is the Endive plant, 
the blanched leaves of which are used as a salad. 
Lactuca.—L. sativa is the garden or common Lettuce. It is largely 
cultivated for use asa salad. Asa medicine it possesses to a slight extent 
sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic properties.—Lactuca virosa, the Wild 
Lettuce, possesses much more evident anodyne and antispasmodic properties 
than the common Lettuce. The inspissated juice of both ZL. sativa and 
ZL. virosa forms Lactucarium or Lettuce Opium, which is employed for 
its narcotic properties. LL. virosa yields the best and the largest quan- 
tity of Lactucarium. JL. virosa is official in the British Pharmacopeeia, 
Other species of Lactuca, as L. Scariola and L.altissima, possess similar 
properties. 
Scorzonera.—S. hispanica has esculent roots, which are known under the 
name of Scorzonera, and are much esteemed. ‘The roots of S. deliciosa are 
also much valued in Sicily, where this plant is a native. 
Taraxacum officinale (Taraxacum dens leonis) is the common Dande- 
lion. The root, which is official in the British Pharmacopoeia, is very ex- 
tensively employed as a medicinal agent. It is commonly regarded as 
possessing aperient, diuretic, and alterative properties. It contains a bitter 
erystalline principle, called Turaxacin, to which it seems principally to owe 
its properties. When roasted, it has sometimes been employed as an addition 
to coffee, in the same manner as Chicory root. The leaves, when very 
young and grown in the dark, are sometimes used on the Continent as a 
salad. 
Tragopogon porrifolius.—The roots are eaten under the name of Salsify , 
