ARTOCARPACEA, 665 
25 per cent. of a fixed oil, which is employed as a varnish, and for other 
purposes. When the Hemp plant is grown in tropical countries, it varies 
in some important characters from the ordinary C. sativa of colder climates, 
and is even by some botanists considered as a distinct variety, which has 
been named C. sativa var. indica, Indian Hemp. This latter plant produces 
less valuable fibres than the former, but it acquires marked narcotic proper- 
ties from producing a much larger quantity of a peculiar resin than is the case 
with the plant of colder latitudes. The herb and resin are largely employed 
in Asia, and some other parts of the world, for the purposes of intoxication, 
and in medicine. The principal forms in which Indian Hemp is found are, 
—Gunjah or Ganja, the dried tops after flowering of the female plant, con- 
taining the resin; Bhang, Subjee, or Sidhee, the larger leaves and fruits 
without the stalks; and Churrus, the concrete resinous substance which 
exudes spontaneously from the stem, leaves, and tops. The above forms are 
in common use in India; and another form called Hashish or Hashash is 
largely employed in Arabia. The word ‘assassin’ is said to be derived from 
hashish, the Arabic word for hemp. Other preparations of Hemp are, 
majoon, in use at Calcutta, mapouchari at Cairo, and the dawames of the 
Arabs. Indian Hemp is also used for smoking. This plant is likewise 
known under the name of Diamba in Western Africa, where it is employed 
for intoxicating purposes under the names of maconie and makiah. In the 
form of an extract or tincture, Indian Hemp has been employed medicinally 
in this country and elsewhere. Pereira calls it an exhilarant, inebriant, 
phantasmatic, hypnotic or soporific, and stupefacient or narcotic ; but as 
obtained in this country, it varies so much in activity that its effects cannot 
be depended upon with certainty, and it is consequently not much em- 
ployed. The dried flowering or fruiting tops of the female plants grown in 
India, and from which the resin has not been removed (gunjah or ganga), 
are official in the British Pharmacopeia. ‘The resin is called cannabin, 
and is usually regarded as the active principle of the plant. Recently, 
however, a volatile alkaloid analogous to nicotine has been indicated as one 
of the constituents of Indian Hemp. This has, however, since been shown 
to be incorrect. The presence of another alkaloid, possessing tetanising pro- 
perties, and termed tetano-cannabin by Dr. Hay, hasalso not been confirmed. 
Humulus Lupulus, the Hop.—The collective fruits of this plant are 
known under the name of strobiles (fig. 421), or commonly hops, and when 
dried are official in the British Pharmacopeeia. These fruits consist of scales 
(bracts), and achzenia, the latter of which are surrounded by brownish- 
vellow aromatic glands. These glands, which are usually termed lupulinic 
glands, are the most active part of hops ; they are also official in the British 
Pharmacopeeia. They contain a volatile oil, and a bitter principle called 
lupulin or lupulite, to the presence of which hops principally owe their pro- 
perties. The bractsalso appear to contain a very small proportion of lupulin, 
and are therefore not devoid altogether of active properties ; they also con- 
tain tannic acid, and are therefore somewhat astringent. Hops are used 
medicinally for their stomachic and tonic properties. ‘They are also to some 
extent narcotic, especially the odorous vapours from them ; hence a pillow 
stuffed with hops is occasionally employed to induce sleep. The chief use of 
hops, however, is in the manufacture of ale and beer, to which they impart 
a pleasant aromatic bitter flavour, and tonic and soporific properties. They 
also prevent beer from rapidly becoming sour. In Belgium, &c., the young 
shoots of the Hop are used as a vegetable, and when properly prepared for 
the table they are said to make a most delicate dish. 
Order 4. ARTOCARPACE®, the Bread-fruit Order.—Cha- 
racter.—Trees or shrubs with a milky juice. Leaves alternate 
(jig. 1039), simple, with large convolute stipules. Flowers 
unisexual, in dense heads (jig. 1039, a, b, c) on a fleshy re- 
