ULMACEA, 667 
has been also recommended as a source of India-rubber. The fibrous bark 
of B. Namagua is used in Panama for sails, ropes, garments, &c.—B. 
Aubletii (Piratinera Guianensis), a native of British Guiana, is the source 
of the beautiful fancy wood called Snake-wood, Leopard-wood, or Letter- 
wood.—B. Alicastrum yields edible seeds, which are called Bread-nuts in 
Jamaica. The wood, which somewhat resembles mahogany, is also there 
used by cabinet makers. 
Castilloa elastica.—This is the Cuacho tree of Darien, and, according to 
Collins, this species and C. Markhamiuna, yield all the varieties of India- 
rubber “obtained from Central America, Ecuador, New Granada, and the 
West Indies; and known commercially as West Indian, Carthagena, 
Nicaragua, Honduras, Guayaquil, Guatemala, &c., rubbers. These are 
chiefly exported from Carthagena to Great Britain and the United States. 
Cecropia peltata is remarkable for its stems being hollow except at the 
nodes, hence they are used for wind instruments. ‘Cows are said to thrive 
well on its leaves. Its cultivation has been recommended in Algeria as a 
forage plant. 
Cudrania.—The heart-wood of a species of this genus, which is a native 
of East Tropical Africa, yields a light yellow colour somewhat between that 
of quercitron bark and ‘fustic, and may be used for dyeing. 
Order 5. Utmace®, the Elm Order.—Character.—Tvrees 
or shrubs, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, simple,scabrous, 
with deciduous stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in 
loose clusters. Calyx inferior, membranous, imbricate. Stamens 
perigynous, definite; anthers erect. Ovary superior, 1—2- 
celled ; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit indehiscent, samaroid or 
drupaceous, 1—2-celled. Seeds solitary, pendulous, with little 
or no albumen; embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle 
superior. 
Division of the Order and Illustrative Genera :—This order 
may be divided into two sub-orders or tribes as follows :— 
Sub-order 1. Celtex.—Ovary 1-celled, with drupaceous fruit. 
Illustrative Genera :—Celtis, Tourn.; Mertensia, H. B. K. 
Sub-order 2. Ulmex.—Ovary 2-celled, with usually samaroid 
fruit. Illustrutive Genera:—Planera, Gmel.; Ulmus, Linn. 
* Distribution and Numbers.—They are chiefly natives of the 
northern regions of the world. There are about 60 species. 
Properties and Uses.—Some are valuable timber trees. The 
bark and fruit of others are bitter, tonic, and astringent ; and 
a few possess aromatic properties. 
Celtis.—The fruit of C. australis has a sweetish astringent taste, and has 
been used in dysentery, &c. It has been regarded by some writers as the 
Lotus of the ancients. The fruits are still eaten in Spainand Greece. (See 
also Nitraria and Zizyphus.) ‘This plant is commonly known under the 
names of Nettle-tree and Sugar-berry.—C. orientalis has aromatic properties. 
Ulmus, Elm.—The inner bark of Ulmus campestris, the common English 
Elm, is regarded as demulcent, tonic, diuretic, and alterative ; it has been 
used in some chronic skin diseases, but as a medicinal agent it is now nearly 
obsolete, and is no longer official in the British Pharmacopeia. The dried 
and powdered bark has been mixed with meal in Norway to make bread in 
times of scarcity. The wood of this species, es also that of U. montana, the 
