674 EUPHORBIACEX. 
commonly known as Cascarilla bark, which is official in the British Pharma- 
copeia. It has an agreeable smell when burned, hence it is also used tor 
fumigation and as an ingredient in pastilles.—C. Pseudo-China yields the 
Quilled Copalche bark of Pereira, and C. suberosum is probably the source 
from whence Corky Copalche bark of the same author is obtained. Copalche 
barks in their medicinal properties resemble Cascarilla. The aromatic tonic 
bark knownas Malambo bark is the produce of C. Malambo. It is a favourite 
medicine in Columbia for diarrhcea, and as a vermifuge, and is likewise used 
externally in the form of an alcoholic tincture in rheumatism. It has been 
also employed with good effect in intermittent and some other fevers. In 
the United States it is reported to be used for adulterating ground spices. 
—C. lacciferum, a native of Ceylon, and C. Draco, a native of Mexico, yield 
resins which are useful for making varnishes, &c. The spirituous liquor 
known in the West Indies as Hau de Mantes, and useful in irregular 
menstruation, is obtained from C. ba/samiferum. 
Crozophora tinctoria, a native of the South of France, yields by expres- 
sion a green juice, which becomes purplish under the combined action of 
ammonia and theair. This purplish dye is known under the name of turnsole. 
Elzococca or Dryandra Vernicia is a native of China and Japan. The 
seeds yield by expression a fatty oil (the Wood Oil of China), which is 
enormously used in China for painting, and for preserving wood-work, 
varnishing furniture, and in medicine. It is also largely exported from 
Hankow. 
Euphorbia.—Some of these plants have succulent stems, much resembling 
the Cactacee ; but their milky juice will, in most cases, at once distinguish 
them. The acrid resin, commonly called gum euphorbium, the botanical 
source of which has been referred to various species of Huphorbia, as 
E. canariensis, E-, officinarum, E. antiquorum, and E. tetragona, has now 
been traced to Euphorbia resinifera of Berg. This drug is a dangerous 
acrid emetic and cathartic when taken internally, and externally it is a 
powerful rubefacient ; its use medicinally is now solely confined to veteri- 
nary practice. It is, however, very largely used as an ingredient in a kind 
of paint employed for the preservation of ships’ bottoms. The seeds of 
E. Lathyris, Caper Spurge, are purgative, and yield by expression a very 
active cathartic oil. They were formerly called Semina Cataputiz minoris. 
This plant is called the Caper Spurge, from the use of its pickled fruits by 
housekeepers as a substitute for ordinary capers. But their employment 
for such a purpose is not altogether free from danger, although the process 
of pickling would seem, in a great measure to destroy the acrid purgative 
nature which the fruit possesses in a fresh state. ‘The root of £. Ipeca- 
cuanha is commonly known as American Ipecacuanha, from its use in the 
United States as an emetic. The root of EF. corollata, called Milk-weed in 
the United States, has similar properties.—Z. Petitiana and FE. Schim- 
periana have very purgative qualities. The root of /. neriifolia is in great 
repute in India as a remedy in snake-bites.—H. pilulifera, a native of 
Queensland, &c., is reputed to be useful in asthma. The acrid milky juice 
of E. antiquorum, E. Nivulia, and FE. Tirucalli possesses cathartic and 
anthelmintic properties. Species of Euphorbia, as EL. helioscopia, E. Peplis, 
and E. dendroides, are used in Greece to stupefy fish. The milky juice of 
E.. Cattimandoo, a native of the Madras Presidency, yields a kind of Caout- 
choue. 
Fontainea Pancheri.—¥rom the seeds of this plant, which is a native of 
New California, a drastic oil may be extracted, which Dr. Haeckel says 
closely resembles croton oil in its properties. 
Hevea Guayanensis ( Siphonia elustica), Hevea brasiliensis, H. Spruceana, 
and prolably other species, natives of Brazil and Guiana, are the sources of 
Para India-rubber, the best commercial variety and the one mostly used in 
this country. The principal source is, however, H. brasiliensis. The com- 
