TYPHACEX.—AROIDACEA. 715 
wounded spadices of Nipa, when fermented, furnishes a kind 
of wine. The fruit of Nipa fruticans is the Atap of India. 
The young unexpanded leaves of Carludovica palmata furnish 
the material employed in the manufacture of Panama hats. 
Order 2. TypHaces, the Bulrush Order.—Character.— 
Herbs growing in watery places. Leaves rigid, linear, sessile, 
parallel-veined. Flowers moncecious, arranged on a spadix, or 
in heads, without a spathe. No true perianth, merely scales or 
hairs. Male flower with 1—6 distinct or monadelphous stamens, 
with long filaments, and innate anthers. Female flower a 
solitary 1-celled carpel, with a single pendulous ovule. Fruit 
indehiscent. Seed with mealy albumen ; embryo axile ; radicle 
next the hilum. 
Distribution and Numbers.—A few are found in tropical and 
wari climates, but they are most abundant in the northern 
parts of the world. Tilustrative Genera:—Typha, Linn. ; 
Sparganium, Linn. These are the only genera; they include 
about 13 species. 
Properties and Uses. —Unimportant. 
Typha.—The young shoots of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia are some- 
times boiled, and eaten like Asparagus ; their rhizomes are also edible ; 
and their pollen is inflammable. The pollen of some species of Typha is 
edible ; thus, that of 7. elephantina is made into a kind of bread in Scinde, 
and that of 7. utilis in New Zealand. Some species are said to be astringent 
and diuretic. 
Order 3. Arnorpacks, the Arum Order.—Character.— 
Herbs or shrubs, with commonly an acrid juice, and subterranean 
tubers, corms (jig. 1080, b), or rhizomes. Leaves sheathing ( fig. 
1080, /), usually net-veined, simple or rarely compound. Flowers 
unisexual and moncecious, or hermaphrodite, arranged on a 
spadix (figs. 403 and 1081) within a spathe (fig. 403), or the 
spathe is absent. Perianth none (fig. 1081) or composed of 
scales which are inferior. Male flower :—Stamens few or nu- 
merous ; anthers extrorse, sessile (fig. 504) or upon very short 
filaments. Female flower :—Ovary (fig. 1082) 1- or more celled, 
superior. Fruit succulent (fig. 1080, c). Seeds pulpy, with 
abundant mealy, horny, or fleshy albumen (jig. 1083), or rarely 
exalbuminous; embryo various. 
Diagnosis. —F lowers on a spadix, and with or without a true 
spathe. Flowers naked, unisexual and moneecious ; or herma- 
phrodite, and then frequently with a scaly inferior perianth. 
Anthers extrorse. Fruit succulent. 
Division of the Order and Illustrative Genera :—The order 
may be divided into two sub-orders as follows :— 
Sub-order 1. Aroidex or Avracex.—Flowers unisexual, monce- 
cious. Spadix surrounded by a spathe. Perianth none. 
Illustrative Genera:—Arum, Linn. ; Caladium, Vent. 
Sub-order 2. Acorex or Orontiex.—Flowers hermaphrodite. 
