739 CYPERACEA. 
Sub-class IT. Glumacee. 
Cohort 1. Glwmales.—Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, and 
arranged in spikelets, or rarely solitary, in the axils of glumes. 
No true perianth, but its place supplied by minute scales, 
hairs, or bristles, or these areabsent. Stamens usually 1—3, 
rarely more; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 
with 1 erect or ascending ovule. Fruit a caryopsis. Seeds 
with mealy or fleshy albumen. Embryo enclosed in the 
base of the albumen, or outside at the base. 
Order 1. CypERAcE®, the Sedge Order.—Character.— 
Grass-like or Rush-like, usually perennial herbs (fig. 235). 
Stems solid, without joints or partitions, frequently angular 
(fig. 1099). Leaves without ligules, and with entire or closed 
sheaths round the stem (fig. 1099). Flowers spiked, imbricate, 
hermaphrodite (jig. 1102) or unisexual (figs. 1100 and 1101), 
each arising from the axil of 1—3 bracts or glumes. (The lower- 
Fic. 1100. Fie. 110). 
Fie. 1099. 
Fig. 1099. A portion of the angular stem of a species of 
Carex, with a closed sheath. Fig. 1100. Staminate 
flower of a species of Carex. st. Stamens, with long 
filaments and pendulous innate anthers. g. Glume. 
Fig. 1101. Pistillate flower of a species of Carez, 
consisting of a giume at the base, and a pistil sur- 
rounded by an urn-shaped tube (perigynium), u. st. 
Style, terminated by three stigmas. 
most glumes are frequently empty, that is, without flowers in their 
axils.) Perianth absent, or existing in the female flowers in the 
form of a tube (perigynium) (fig. 1101, u), or as hypogynous 
scales or bristles (fig. 1102, b). Stamens hypogynous (fig. 1102), 
1—12, commonly 3 (figs. 1100 and 1102) ; anthers 2-celled, in- 
nate (figs. 1100 and 1102). Ovary 1-celled, superior, (fig. 1102), 
with 1 erect anatropous ovule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded 
