GRAMINACE. 737 
Battledore Barley. Barley is used dietetically in the manufacture of bread, 
and in the form of malt most extensively in the production of ale, beer, and 
ardent spirits. It is the common grain in use for the latter purposes in this 
country. Malt is Barley which has been made to germinate by moisture 
and heat, and afterwards dried, by which the vitality of the seed is 
destroyed. Barley deprived of its husk constitutes Scotch, Hulled, or Pot 
Barley. When both husk and integuments are removed, and the seeds 
rounded and polished, they form Pearl Barley, which is official in the British 
Pharmacopeia ; this, when ground, is called Patent Barley. 
Lygeum Spartum, a Spanish grass, yields the fibre known as albardin, 
which is frequently mistaken for Esparto. (See Stipa.) It is used like it 
for paper-making. 
Molinia cxrulea is said to be equal in value to Esparto Grass (see 
Stipa) for paper-making. Its especial value resides in the tenacity of its 
fibre, and the comparatively minute quantity of silica it contains. 
Oryza sativa is the Rice plant, the grain of which is more extensively 
used for food than that of any other cereal. Starch is also largely prepared 
from rice; it is official in the British Pharmacopceia under the head of 
Amylum, together with Wheat Starch and Maize Starch. From forty to 
fifty varieties of the Rice plant are known and cultivated in India alone ; 
others have distinguished as many as 160 varieties. Rice appears to be less 
nutritive than the other cereal grains, and to be of a more binding nature, 
hence its use in diarrhoea, &c. Spirit is sometimes distilled from the 
fermented infusion of rice. This spirit is frequently called arrack, but that 
name is properly used only in reference to the spirit distilled from Palm 
wine or Toddy. 
Panicum.—P. miliaceum yields Indian Millet. The grain is called Warree 
and Kadi-kane in the East Indies.— P. spectabile,a Brazilian species, grows 
six or more feet in height. It is a favourite fodder grass, and is commonly 
known as the Angola grass.—P. jwmentorum is another fodder grass called 
Guinea grass.—P. pilosum yields a grain known in India as Bhadlee. The 
grain of P. frumentaceum is also nutritious. It is termed Shamoola in the 
Deccan. Some of the Tartar tribes are said to prepare a kind of beer from 
a species of Millet, which is called Bouza, Murwa, or Millet-beer, but this is 
probably not obtained by them from a species of Panicum, but from a species 
of Eleusine. (See Eleusine.) 
_ _ Paspalum.—P. exile yields the smallest known cereal grain. This grain 
is known on the West Coast of Africa, where it is used as food, under the 
name of Fundi or Fundungi. It is also commonly called in Sierra Leone, 
Millet.—P. scrobiculatum also yields a kind of grain, known in India as 
aS or Kodro. A variety of this grass is reputed to be injurious to 
eattle. 
Penicillaria spicata (Panicum spicatum) is called Caffre Corn. It yields 
a serviceable grain, which is commonly distinguished as African Millet. 
Pennisetum dichotomum.—The grains of this grass are known in some 
parts of Western Africa under the name of fasheia. They are used there as 
food. In Egypt and Arabia this grass is employed as fodder for camels 
and other animals, and also for thatching and other purposes. 
Phalaris canariensis, Canary Grass, is cultivated for its grain, which is 
employed as food for birds, under the name of Canary seed. Its straw is 
also valued as fodder for horses. 
Poa abyssinica is an Abyssinian corn plant, known under the name of ° 
Teff. The grains are sometimes employed in the preparation of Bouza or 
Millet beer. (See Hleusine and Panicum.) 
Saccharum officinarum is the Common Sugar-cane, so extensively used 
for the preparation of Cane-sugar or Sucrose. Molasses is the drainings 
from raw sugar; and treacle the thick juice which has drained from refined 
sugar in the sugar-moulds. Curamel is burnt sugar. Sugar-candy, pulled 
3B 
