742 CONIFERA. 
arranged in deciduous amenta. Stamens 1 or several, in the 
latter case monadelphous; anthers 1- or more celled, opening 
longitudinally. Female flowers in cones (fig. 420), consisting 
of flattened imbricate carpels or scales arising from the axil of 
membranous bracts ; ovules naked, 2 (jig. 730) or more, on the 
upper surface of each carpel. Frwit a woody cone ( figs. 293 
and 1112) or a galbulus (figs. 725 and 726). Seeds naked (figs. 
1113 and 1114), with a hard crustaceous integument, albumi- 
nous ; cotyledons 2 or many (fig. 772). 
Division of the Order and Illustrative Genera.—This order has 
been subdivided as follows :— 
Sub-order 1. Abietew.—Ovules inverted, with the micropyle 
next the base of the carpel (figs. 730 and 1113). Pollen curved. 
Illustrative Genera :—Pinus, Linn; Araucaria, Juss. 
Sub-order 2. Cupressex.—-Ovules erect, with micropyle supe- 
rior. Pollen spheroidal. Illustrative Genera :—Juniperus, 
Linn.; Cupressus, Tourn. 
The order Taxacex is now frequently included in the Conifere, 
forming the tribe or sub-order Taxex or Taxinee. 
Distribution and Numbers.—The plants of this order occur 
in all parts of the world ; but they abound most in temperate 
climates, There are about 250 species. 
Properties and Uses.—They possess very important properties. 
Many supply valuable timber, and most of the species contain 
an oleo-resinous juice or turpentine, which is composed of a 
volatile oil and resin. 
Araucaria.—A. imbricata, from Chili, and A. Bidwillii, from Moreton 
Bay, have edible seeds. Those of the former are extensively used for food 
by the natives of Chili and Patagonia. It is said that ‘the fruit of one 
large tree will maintain eighteen persons for a year.’ Both species also 
yield hard and durable timber. 
Callitris quadrivalvis, the Arar Tree, yields the resin called Sandarach, 
Juniper Resin, or Gum Juniper. It is imported from Mogador, and is em- 
ployed in the preparation of varnishes. When powdered it is called pounce. 
The wood of this tree is also very durable, and is used by the Turks for the 
floors and ceilings of their mosques. 
Cedrus.—Cedrus Libani, the Cedar of Lebanon, and C. Deodara, the 
Deodar, which is probably only a variety of the former species, are most 
valuable timber trees. The turpentine obtained from the latter is used in 
India, where it is in great repute in skin diseases and as an application to 
ulcers, under the name of kelon-ke-tel. 
Cupressus, the Cypress.—The wood of some species is very durable. It 
is supposed that the Gopher-wood of the Bible was obtained from species of 
Cupressus and other allied Coniferz. 
Dammara.—D. australis, the Kawrie or Cowdie Pine of New Zealand, 
produces a timber which is much valued for making masts and spars. A 
gum-resin known under the names of Australian Copal, Kawrie Gum, and 
Australian Dammar, is largely imported into this country; it is chiefly used 
in the preparation of varnishes.—D. orientalis yields a somewhat similar 
gum-resin, known as Indian Dammar. 
Juniperus.—J. communis, the common Juniper. The fruit and the vola- 
tile oil obtained from it and other parts of this plant, have stimulant and 
