CONIFER. 7 £3 
diuretic properties. The oil distilled in Britain from the unripe fruit is offi- 
cial in the British Pharmacopeia. Oil of Juniper is also used to flavour 
the spirit known as Hollands; turpentine being commonly employed for a 
similar purpose for English Gin on account of its comparative cheapness. 
Juniper wood has a reddish colour, and is used occasionally for veneers.—J. 
Oxycedrus.—In France, a tarry oil, called Huile de Cade or Juniper Tar, 
is obtained by dry distillation from the wood of this plant ; it is principally 
used in the form of an ointment for skin diseases, more especially in psoriasis 
and eczema ; it is also employed in veterinary practice. The wood is very 
durable—J. bermudiana is the Red or Pencil Cedar, and J. virginiana, the 
Virginian Red Cedar. The wood of these is employed for Cedar pencils ; 
that of the former is considered the best. The tops or leaves of J. virginiana 
are official in the United States Pharmacopeeia, where they are used for 
similar purposes, and in like preparations to savine, but they are not so 
effectual in their operation.—J. Sabina, the common Savine. ‘The fresh and 
dried tops and the oil obtained from the former are official in the British 
Pharmacopeeia ; they have acrid, stimulant, diuretic, and emmenagogue 
properties. In large doses they are irritant poisons, and have been frequently 
taken to cause abortion. When locally applied in the form of the official 
ointment, as a dressing to blisters and to issues and setons, they keep up and 
promote the discharge. 
Pinus.—Several species of this genus are valuable timber trees; as P. 
sylvestris, the Scotch Fir, which yields the timber known as Dantzic or 
Riga Fir, and Russian Deal; P. Strobus, the White Pine or Deal of the 
United States ; P. mitis and P. austr alis, the Yellow Pine or Deal; P. 
rigida, P. Lambertiana, &c., &c. The wood of these trees is used to an 
enormous extent in this country, and elsewhere.— Pinus australis (palustris), 
the Swamp Pine or Long-leaved Pine, furnishes by far the greater propor- 
tion of the crude oleo-resin known as turpentine which is consumed in the 
United States, or sent from thence to other countries.—P. Tzda, the Frank- 
incense Pine, and P. Pinaster, the Cluster Pine, more especially the former, 
are also sources from which we derive our supplies of turpentine. The con- 
erete turpentine known as Galipot is also obtained from P. Pinaster ; but 
the analogous concrete turpentine known as Terebinthina, Thus America- 
num, or Common F rankincense, and which is official in the British Pharma- 
copeeia, is derived from P. australis and P. Teda. The crude oleo-resin 
turpentine yields by distillation the essential oil called oil of turpentine or 
spirits or essence of turpentine, and yellow and black resin. This oil is officiai 
in the British Pharmacopeeia, and is said to be derived from P. australis, 
P. Teda, P. Pinaster, and P. sylvestris— Pinus sylvestris, the Scotch Fir, 
likewise produces some turpentine, and the wood of this and other species of 
Pinus yields by destructive distillation the official Pix liquida or Tar, which 
is commonly known as Wood Tar; and Creasote, which is a product of the 
distillation of Wood Tar. ‘Tar is a useful application in some skin diseases. 
Pitch or Black Pitch is another valuable product obtained from tar. The 
inner bark of the Scotch Fir is used in Norway for making bark bread. 
From the leaves also of this species the substance called Pine- wool, Forest- 
wool, or Fir-wool is prepared. It is used for stuffing cushions, &c. ; and is said 
to be repulsive to vermin, &c. Various other articles of domestic utility are 
also manufactured from pine-wool. A volatile oil called Fir-wool Oil or Oil 
of Pine Leaf is also obtained by distillation from these leaves ; and is useful 
in rheumatism, neuralgia, &c. It is official in the British Pharmacopeeia. 
Paper of good quality i is now made from the wood of this and some other 
species of Pinus and Abies. (See Abies eacelsa.)—P. Pinea, the Stone Pine, 
has edible seeds, which are used as a dessert under the name of pine-nuts.— 
P. Cembra, the Siberian Stone Pine, has also edible seeds. The young shoots 
by distillation yield the so-called Carpathian Balsam.—P. Pumilio, the 
Mugho or Mountain Pine, produces by spontaneous exudation an oleo-resin 
