744 TAXACEA. 
called Hungarian Balsam.— Pinus Gerardiana, found in Thibet and 
Afghanistan, has edible seeds.—P. longifolia, a Himalayan species, yields a 
very good turpentine. 
‘The following plants are fr equently placed in the genus Abies of Tournefort ; 
but more commonly they are included in the genus Pinus. 
Several species supply valuable timber, as Abies (Pinus) excelsa, the 
Norway Spruce, Abjes (Pinus) alba, the White Spruce, A. (Pinus) eana- 
densis, the Hemlock Spruce, A. (Pinus) Larix, the Common Larch, &c.— 
Abies or Pinus excelsa, the Pinus Picea of Du Roi, yields by spontaneous 
exudation a resinous substance which is the original Thus of the Materia 
Medica. This when melted and strained constitutes our official Burgundy 
Pitch. The official ‘Thus’ is described under Pinus australis. Good paper 
has been made from the wood of this species. The leaf-buds are used on 
the Continent in the preparation of a kind of beer, which is employed in 
scorbutic and rheumatic complaints.— Abies or Pinus balsamea, the Canadian 
Balsam or Balm of Gilead Fir, yields our official Canada Balsam.—A bies 
or Pinus canadensis, the Hemlock Spruce Fir, yields an oleo-resin resembling 
Canada Balsam. ‘This is official in the United States Pharmacopeeia, and 
is commonly known as Canada Pitch.—Adbies or Pinus Picea of Linnzeus, 
the Pinus Abies of Du Roi, the Silver Fir, yields Strasburg turpentine. 
Its leaf-buds, like those of A. excelsa, are employed in the preparation of a 
kind of beer, which is used for similar purposes.—Abies (Pinus) migra, the 
Black Spruce Fir. The young branches of this when boiled in water, 
and the solution afterwards concentrated, vield Essence of Spruce, which 
is employed in the preparation of Spruce Beer—A. Larix of Lambert, 
or Pinus Larix, the Larix europea of De Candolle, yields Larch or Venice 
turpentine, and a kind of Manna, called Larch Manna or Manna de Briancon. 
The bark is sometimes used in tanning. This bark, deprived of its outer 
layer, is official in the British Pharmacopeeia, and is regarded as stimulant, 
astringent, and diuretic. It hasbeen recommended to check profuse expec- 
toration in chronic bronchitis, and for various forms of internal hemorrhage ; 
but it is little used. 
Thuja.—The young shoots of 7. occidentalis are used to prepare a tinc- 
ture which is employed externally to remove warts, &c., and internally for 
worms, amenorrhea, &c. 
Order 2. Taxace®, the Yew Order. — Character. — 
Trees or shrubs, with continuous branches. Leaves usually 
narrow, rigid, and veinless; sometimes broad, with forked 
Hires tbs Fie; EEG: 
Fig. 1115. Male flower of the 
Common Yew (TZaxus bac- 
cata), With numerous mo- 
nadelphous stamens. 
Fig. 1116. Vertical section 
of the seed of the same. a7. 
The succulent cup-shaped 
mass which surrounds the 
seed. pl. Embryo. ald. Al- 
bumen. ch. Chalaza,. mi. 
Micropyle. 
veins. Flowers unisexual, naked, bracteated. Male flowers 
several together, each with one or several stamens, which, 
in the latter case, are united (fig. 1115) or distinct ; anthers 
bursting longitudinally. Female flowers solitary, and consisting 
