832 REPRODUCTION OF HEPATICACEH AND MUSCI. 
place, to say a few words upon the mode in which fertilisation 
is supposed to take place in the different orders included in this 
division of the Cryptogamia, which are here, however, arranged 
in the inverse order to that in which they were formerly de- — 
scribed. 
(1) Hepaticacex or Liverworts.—The two reproductive organs 
of this order closely resemble those of the Mosses. They are 
termed antheridia (fig. 831) and archegonia or pistillidia (fig. 
833), the former representing the male sex, and the latter the 
female. When the antheridium bursts (jig. 831), it discharges 
a number of small cells, which also burst, and each emits a 
very small 2-ciliated spiral antherozoid. These antherozoids 
pass down the canal of the archegonium (fig. 853) to the 
germ or embryonal cell which is situated at its bottom, which 
thus becomes fertilised. This cell after fertilisation undergoes 
various important changes, as already noticed (see page 377), 
and ultimately becomes a sporangium, enclosing spores and 
elaters (fig. 834), which latter, e, are elongated, spirally- 
thickened cells, whose office is to assist in disseminating the 
spores when the valves of the 
Fic. 1152. sporangia open. When these 
spores germinate, they gene- 
rally produce a sort of con- 
fervoid structure (protonema), 
which in its after development 
resembles the like structure of 
Mosses. (See below.) 
(2) Musci or Mosses.—The 
reproductive organs of this 
order consist of antheridia ( fig. 
821) and archegonia (fig. 822), 
which closely resemble the 
same structures in the Hepa- 
ticaceze. Fertilisation takes 
place in a similar manner (see 
above), and the changes which 
take place after fertilisation in 
Fig, 1152. Protonema of a Moss ( Funaria the embryonal cell which ulti- 
lugrome(rien)p. Contervosl pm moately forms a sporangitum 
r. Rootlets. containing spores, but not ela- 
ters, have been already de- 
scribed. (See page 373.) 
In germination, the spores at first form a green cellular 
branched filamentous mass, somewhat resembling a Conferva, 
which is termed the protonema (see page 375). Upon the threads 
of this structure (fig. 1152), buds (a) are ultimately produced, 
which grow up into leafy stems (b), upon which the archegonia 
and antheridia are afterwards developed. 
(3) Marsileacex, Rhizocarpex, or Pepperworts.—The two re- 
