go PLANTS AND ANIMALS 
of a palisade of stiff hairs or prickles, such as may be 
studied in the Thistles; in some plants a downward- 
pointing ring of stiff hairs at each joint serves the 
same purpose. In the Japanese Wineberry (Rubus 
pheenicolasius), often grown in gardens, the calyx, 
like the stem, is densely clothed with bright red slender 
spines (Fig. 17). It opens to allow the inconspicuous 
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Fic. 17.—JAPANESE WINEBERRY (RUBUS PHENICOLASIUS), 
Leaf and panicle, 2; flower after pollination; ripe fruit, 
both slightly enlarged. 
petals to expand, and then closes again and resumes 
its protective role till the scarlet fruit approaches 
maturity. 
But it is in the flower itself that we find the most 
ingenious arrangements to encourage useful and dis- 
courage useless visitors, to assist the former to pol- 
linate the flower, and while offering nectar to the wel- 
