ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION. 



217 



characterised as staminal or male {fig. 393), or pistillate or female 

 (^fig. 392), according as it possesses one or the other of those organs. 



Fig. 427. 



M 



Fig. 428. 



Fig. 429. 



Fig. 427. Vistil of Colmabinei A quilegia vulgaris), jp. Peduncle, x. Recep- 

 tacle, o. Ovaries, sty. Styles, sti. Stigmas. Fig. 428. Pistil of 



Poppy (^Papaver), with one stamen arising from below it. o. United 



ovaries, sti. Stigmas Fig. 429. Vertical section of the pistil of the 



:Pa.Tisy {Viola tricolor), c. Calyx, d. Ovary, j?. Placenta, o, o. Ovules. 

 s. Stigma on the summit of a short style. 



2. .Estivation or Pr^floration. — As the general ar- 

 rangement of the leaves of the leaf-bud is termed verna- 

 tion (the spring state), so the mode in which the different 

 parts of the flower are arranged in the flower-bud is termed 

 their cestivation (the summer state). The term prceflora- 

 tion is also sometimes used by botanists instead of estiva- 

 tion. The terms used in describing the various modifications 

 of estivation are generally the same as those of vernation ; 

 but the former presents some peculiarities, which render it 

 necessary for us briefly to refer to their different arrangements. 

 The terms used in estivation especially refer to the relative 

 positions of the component parts of the calyx and corolla, be- 

 cause the stamens and pistil, from their peculiar forms, can give 

 us no such arrangements of their parts as are exhibited by 

 them. 



In describing the modifications of aestivation, we have, as in 

 the case of vernation, to include: 1st, The disposition of each of 

 the component parts considered independently of the others ; 

 and 2nd, The relation of the several members of either of the 

 floral envelopes taken as a whole in respect to each other. 

 With regard to the disposition of each of the component parts 

 considered independently of the others, the same terms are used 

 as in those of vernation, with the addition of the crumpled or 

 corrugated form, which only occurs in the parts of the floral en- 

 velopes. It may be seen in the petals of the Poppy and Rock- 



