THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 423 



Sub-kingdom 2. Cellulares, or Acottledone^. 



Sub-class 1 . Foliosc^. | ^""'"'W ^^^^'^'^^ expansions, 



(_ and known sexes. 

 o A 7, jj /Having no leaf- like expan- 



"' P y ' y^ sions, and no known sexes. 



Under these sub-classes he arranged 161 Natural Orders. 

 The enumeration of these is unnecessary in an elementary 

 volume ; we shall content ourselves with mentioning a few only, 

 as examples of the different groups. Thus, as examples of 

 ThalamiJlorcE, — Cruciferje. Caryophyllere, and Malvaceae; of Caly- 

 ciflorce, — Rosacete, Umbelliferae, and Compositae; of CorolUjlorce, 



— Convolvulaceag, Solaneae, and Labiatce ; of Monochlamydea, 



— Polygoneae, Urticese, and Amentaceae : of Phanerogamce, — 

 Orchidese, Iridese, and Gramine£e ; of Cryptogamce, — Filices, 

 Equisetacese, and Lycopodinese : of Foliosce, — Musci, and He- 

 paticse ; and of Aphyllce, — Lichenes, Fungi, and Algte. 



In this system it will be observed that, De Candolle adopted the 

 primary divisions of Jussieu. but he reversed the order of their 

 arrangement; for, instead of commencing with Acotyledons, 

 and passing through Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons, he began 

 wdth the latter, and proceeded by the Monocotyledons to Acoty- 

 ledons. The reason for taking this course is thus explained : — 



" I place Dicotyledons iirst because they have the greatest 

 number of distinct and separate organs. Then, as I find 

 famihes where some of these organs become consolidated, and 

 consequently seem to disappear, I refer them to a lower rank. 

 This principle gives me the series as exhibited in the tabular 

 aiTangement above. I have adopted this series partly, because 

 I think it is that which is least removed from a natural sequence, 

 and partly, because it is convenient and easy for study. But let 

 no one imagine that I attach the least importance to it. The 

 true science of general Natural History consists in the study of 

 the symmetry peculiar to each family, and of the relation which 

 these families bear to each other. All the rest is merely a 

 scaffolding, better or worse suited to accomplish that end." 



Since the appearance of De Candolle's system numerous other 

 arrangements have been proposed by botanists, as those of 

 Agardh, Perleb, Dumortier, Bartling, Lindley, Schultz, EndUcher. 

 and many others. As all these systems, with the exception of 

 those of Lindley and Endhcher, were never much used, and are not 

 adopted in great systematic works of the present day, it will be 

 unnecessary for us to allude to them any further. A full account 

 of them all may be found in Lindley's valuable work on the Vege- 

 table Ivingdom. The systems of Endlicher and Lindley, however, 

 being now used in important systematic works, it will be ad- 

 visable for us to give a general sketch of their leading characters. 



Endlicher's Natural System. — The system of Endlicher 

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