THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 425 



being monopetalous ; rarely abortive. Ex- 

 amples, Compositae, Labiatse, Scrophularinege, 

 and Ericaceffi. 

 Cohort 4. DialypetaJce. Both floral envelopes present, the 

 outer being monosepalous or polysepalous, free 

 or united to the ovary, calycine or sometimes 

 corolline ; the inner being corolline with 

 distinct petals, or rarely cohering by means of 

 the base of the stamens, and with an epigynous, 

 perigynous, or hypogynons insertion; rarely 

 abortive. Examples, Umbelliferse, Eanuncu- 

 laceas, Cruciferse, Caryophylleae, Rosaceae, and 

 LeguminosEe. 

 Under these divisions Endlicher included 277 Natural Orders. 

 After Jussieu, he commenced with the simplest plants and 

 gradually proceeded to the more complicated, placing those of 

 the Leguminosas at the highest point of the series. 



Lindley's Natural System. — To Dr. Lindley especially, 

 belongs the merit of having been the first botanist who made 

 any serious attempts to introduce a natural an-angement of 

 plants into use in this country. The first system proposed by 

 him in 1830 was but a slight modification of that of De 

 CandoUe's, and Avas as follows : — 



Class 1. — Vasculares, or Flowering Plants. 

 Sub-class 1. Exogens, or Dicotyledons. 

 Tribe 1. Angiospermte. 



§ 1. Polypetalous, Apetalous, and Achlamydeous Plants. 

 § 2. Monopetalous Plants. 

 Tribe 2. Gymnospermie. 

 Sub -class 2. Endogens, or Monocotyledons. 

 Tribe 1. Petaloideae. 

 Tribe 2. Glumacese. 

 Class 2. — Cellulares, or Flowerless Plants. 

 Tribe 1. Filicoidege, or Fern-like plants. 

 Tribe 2. Muscoidese, or Moss-like plants. 

 Tribe 3. Aphyllae, or leafless plants. 



No attempt was made in this system to form minor groups 

 or divisions of the tribes ; but in 1833, in a new system, 

 Lindley arranged the natural orders in groups subordinate to 

 the higher divisions, which were called Nixus (tendencies). 

 The following was the arrangement then proposed : — 



Classes. 



{ri. Exogenge, Angiospermae. 

 Vasculares . .-12. Exogenae, Gymnospermae. 

 1^3. Endogense. 

 Evasculares . 4. Rhizanthese 

 5. Esexuales. 



