THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 431 



Natural System adopted in this Manual. — The natural 

 arrangement adopted in this volume, which is founded upon 

 those of Jussieu, De Candolle, and Lindley, — that of De Candolle 

 being the basis, is as follows : — 



The Vegetable Kingdom isdi-vdded into two sub-kingdoms: — 

 Phanerogamia, Flowering, or Cotyledonous Plants; and Cryp- 

 togamia, Flowerless, or Acotyledonous Plants. 



1. The Phanerogamia, includes plants which have evident 

 flowers ; and which are propagated by seeds containing an em- 

 bryo with one or more cotyledons. 



2. The Cryptogamia, are those plants which have no flowers ; 

 and which are propagated by spores, and are therefore acotyle- 

 donous. 



The Phanerogamia is divided into two classes, and other sub- 

 divisions, thus: — 



Class 1. Dicottledones, in which the embryo is dicotyledonous ; 

 the germination exorhizal ; the stem exogenous ; 

 the leaves with a reticulated venation ; and the 

 flowers with a quinary or quaternary arrangement. 

 In this class we have two divisions. 



Division 1. Angiospermia, in which the ovules are enclosed in 

 an ovary, and are fertilized indirectly by the 

 action of the pollen on the stigma. In this 

 division we have four sub-classes: — 



Sub-class 1. Thalamiflorce, that is, plants with flowers usu- 

 ally furnished with both a calyx and corolla; 

 the latter composed of distinct petals in- 

 serted on the thalamus ; stamens hypo- 

 gynous, or adherent to the sides of the ovary. 



Sub-class 2. CulyciflorcB. — Flowers having usually a calyx 

 and corolla, the latter mostly with distinct 

 petals, and inserted on the calyx; stamens 

 either perigynous, or epigynous. This sub- 

 class has two sub-divisions : — 



1. PerigyncE, in which the calyx is free, or nearly so; the 



stamens usually perigynous ; and the ovary superior. 



2. EpiyynoB, in which the calyx is more or less adherent; 



and the ovary inferior. 



Sub-class 3. CoroUiflorce. — Flowers having both a calyx 

 and corolla, the latter with united petals; 

 stamens inserted on the corolla or ovary, or 

 free and arising from the thalamus. Of this 

 sub-class we have three sub-divisions: — 



1. EpigynoE, in which the calyx is adherent; and the 

 ovary consequently inferior. 



