IHALAMIFLOR^. 495 



rind of the ripe fruit by distillation w ith water, a fragrant oil, named Essential 

 Oil of Sweet Orange, is obtained. The flowers of this species, as well as those 

 of tiie Bitter Orange, yield 0// o/JN>>o//; that from the latter is preferred. 

 The distilled water of these two species is named Ora7ie.e -flower Water. It is 

 to the presence of Oil of Neroli that the odour of Eau de Cologne is more par- 

 ticularly due. The rind of the Sweet Orange is an aromatic stimulant and 

 tonic ; and its juice is very extensively used as a refreshing and agreeable 

 beverage at table ; and also medicinally as a refrigerant. Citrus Bigaradia 

 of Risso, or Citrus vulgaris, is the Bitter or Seville Orange. The leaves, 

 flowers, and unripe fruits of this species yield by distillation similar essential 

 oils to those olitained from analogous parts of the Sweet Orange. (See 

 above.) The distilled water of the leaves is railed eau de naphre. Orange- 

 flower Water is generally prepared from the fluwers of the Bitter orange, as 

 it is considered more fragrant than that obtained from the Sweet Orange. 

 The unripe fruits (as already noticed), like those of the Sweet Orange, are 

 called Orange-berries, and aire used liliewise for making issue peas, and for 

 flavouring Curagoa. The rind of tlie ripe fruit yields by distillation a volatile 

 oil, called Essential Oil of Bitter Orange. The chief use of the Bitter Orange 

 is in the making of marmalade. The rind is also employed in medicine as a 

 Ionic and stomachic, and is more valuable in these respects than that of the 

 Sweet Orange. The rind is also used for flavouring Cura^oa and other sub- 

 stances ; and in the preparation of candied omnge-peel. Citrus Limonum. 



The Lemon Of this we have several varieties; the more important of 



which are, — the Wax Lemon, the Imperial Lemon, and the Gaeta Lemon. 

 They are chiefly imported from Sicily and Spain, the latter being the most 

 esteemed. Both the rind and the juice are employed in medicine, and for 

 other purposes ; the former as an aromatic and stomachic, and for flavouring; 

 the latt*"r as an agreeable and refreshing beverage, and also for its refrigerant 

 and antiscorbutic effects. The juice contains a large quantity of citric acid. 

 Candied Lemon-ptel is employed in confectionary, and as a dessert. The juice 

 of Lemons, as well as that of the Lime, is largely imporied, and used in the pre- 

 paration of citric acid. Therindcontainsalargequantity of essential oil, which 

 is generally obtained from it by expression, but it is of better quality if prepared 

 by distillation ; it is known as Essential Oil or Essence of Lemon. This oil is 

 principally used as a flavouring agent in confectionary, and in medicine; and also 

 in perfumery. Citrus Linietta is the source of the Lime. It is chiefly imported 

 into this country in a preserved state, and in that condition it foims a most 

 agreeable dessert. Its juice is also imported and largely employed with that of 

 Lemons, in the preparation of citric acid, as already noticed. Citrus Bergamia 

 is sometimes considered as only a variety o( Citrus Limetta. 1 his is the source 

 of the Bergamot Orange. The rind, by expression or by distillation, like that 

 of the Lemon, yields an essential oil, called Oil or Essettce of Bergamot, which 

 is largely used "in perfumery. Citrus midica — The fruit of this is the Citron. 

 This is supposed to be the Hebrew Tappuach, which is translated in our 

 version of the Old Testament as Apple-tree and Apples. The rind of this 

 fruit only, is commonly imported into this country in a preserved state, and 

 is used in confectionary. Its pulp is less acid and juicy than tne Lemon, but 

 it may be employed, as" well as that of the Lime, for similar purposes. Two 

 essential oils are obtained from C. medica. They are used in perfumery, 

 and are called Essence or Essential Oil of Citron. AnA the Essence or Essential 

 Oil of Ce drat or Cedra. The Citron, Lime, and Lemon are distinguished 

 from Oranges, by having an adherent rind, by their more lengthened form, 

 and by the posse'ssionof a more or less prominent protuberance at their apex. 

 Besides the above fruits obtained from the gexivxs, Citrus, we have also, the Shad- 

 dock, from C. Decumana; the t orbidden Fruit, from C. Paradisi; the Pom- 

 pelmoose, from C. Patnpelmus ; and the Kumquat of China from C.japonica. 



Natural Order 51. Vitace^ or Ampelide^. — The Vine 

 Order. — General Character. — Usually climbing shrubs 

 {fig. 210), with a watery juice, the joints swollen and separable 

 from each other. Leaves simple {fig. 210), or compound, 

 opposite below, alternate above, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers 

 regular, small, green, stalked {fig. 403); peduncles sometimes 

 cirrhose. Caly.v minute, with the limb generally wanting. 

 Petals 4 or 5, sometimes united at the base; cestivation in- 



