534 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



times united, generally superior, or occasionally more or less 

 inferior. Seeds 1 or few, exalbuminous ; embryo straight. 



Division of the Order, Sfc. — The order Rosacese as above 

 defined, may be divided into five sub-orders, which are by 

 some botanists considered as distinct orders. They are as 

 follows : — 



Sub-order 1. Chrysohalanea. — Trees or shrubs, with simple 

 leaves, and free stipules. Cai'pel solitary, cohering more or 

 less on one side with the calyx; ovules 2, erect; style basilar. 

 Fruit a drupe. Seed erect. Examples : Chrysobalanus, Mo- 

 quilea. 



Sub-order 2. Amygdalece or Drupacea. — Trees or shrubs, with 

 simple leaves, and free stipules. Calyx deciduous. Carpel 

 solitary, not adherent to the calyx; style terminal. Fruit a 

 drupe. Seed suspended. Examples : Amygdalus, Prunus, 

 Cerasus. 



Sub-order 3. Rosea. — Shrubs or herbs, with simple or com- 

 pound leaves, and adherent stipules. Carpels 1 or more, supe- 

 rior, not united to the tube of the calyx, distinct, or sometimes 

 more or less coherent ; styles lateral, or nearly terminal. Fruit 

 either an etsDrio, or consisting of several folhcles. Seed usually 

 suspended, or rarely ascending. Examples: Rosa, Rubus, 

 Fragaria, Spiraea, Brayera, Quillaia, Lindleya, Neurada. 



Sub-order 4. Sanguisorbece. — Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers 

 often unisexual. Petals frequently absent. Carpel solitary ; 

 style terminal or lateral. Fruit an achsenium inclosed in the 

 ' tube of the calyx, which is often indurated. Seed sohtary, 

 suspended or ascending. Examples : Alchemilla, Sangui- 

 sorba, Poterium. 



Sub-order 5. Pomeoe. — Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound 

 leaves, and free stipules. Carpels 1 to 5, adhering more or less 

 to each other and to the sides of the calyx, and thus be- 

 coming inferior; styles terminal. Fruit a pome, 1 — 5-celled, 

 or rarely spuriously 10-celled. Seeds ascending. Examples : 

 — Cydonia, Pyrus, Mespilus, Cotoneaster, Cratsegus. 



Distribution, Sec. — The Chrysobalanea: are principally natives 

 of the tropical i)arts of America and Africa. The AmygdalecB 

 are almost exclusively found in the cold and temperate regions 

 of the northern hen)isphere. The Rosece and Sanguisorbece are 

 also chiefly natives of cold and temperate climates, although a 

 few are found within the tropics. The Pomece occur only in 

 the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. 

 The order Kosaoeaj comprises about 90 genera, and 1000 species, 

 of which about one half belong to the sub-order Roseaj. 



Properties and Uses. — The plants of the order are principally 

 remarkable for their astringency, and for their succulent edible 

 fruits. The seeds, flowers, leaves, and young shoots of many of 



