COEOLLIFLORJE. 571 



also cultivated in our stoves on account of the beauty and 

 fragrance of their flowers. 



Coprosma microphylla. — The fruits of this and other species are eaten in 

 Australia, where they are called Native Currants. 



Hichardsojiia satbra or braxiliensis — The root is emetic. It contains the 

 same active principle, namely, emetina, as that of the anniUated ipecacuanha 

 root from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (see below), but it is not so active as it. It is 

 commonly known as undulated, white^ or amylaceous ipecacuanha. It is not 

 used in this country. 



Cephaelis Ipecacuanha. — The root of this plant is termed annulated ipeca- 

 cuanha {fig. 'HI). It is the officinal Ipecacuanhaof this country. It contains an 

 aliialoid called emetina, to which its properties are principally due. It possesses 

 emetic and purgative properties in large doses, and in small doses it is ex- 

 pectorant and diaphoretic. It is also sedative. 



Psychotria e7netica.— \ts root is called black or striated ipecacuanha. It is 

 not used in this country, but it possesses emetic properties like the roots of 

 the two preceding plants, although less active than the annulated ipecacuanha. 

 It contains emetina. The roasted seeds of P. herbacea have been used as a 

 substitute for coffee. 



Cqffea arahica, the Coffee Plant. — The seeds of this plant when roasted, 

 are used in the preparation of that most valuable beverage— cojff^. Coffee 

 owes its properties chiefly to the presence of codeine, which is identical with 

 theine, (see Thea, p. 476), and a volatile oil. About 40 millions of pounds are 

 annually consumed in this country, and the consumption for the whole world 

 has been estimated at about 600 millions of pounds. In Sumatra and some of 

 the adjoining islands, an infusion of the roasted leaf is used as a substitute 

 for tea, hence this is called Coffee- Tea. The leaf contains.similar ingredients 

 to the seeds, and possesses therefore analogous properties. 



Morinda citrifolia. — The roots of this species, as well as those of M. tinc- 

 toria, are used in India and some other parts of Asia, for dyeing red. They 

 have been occasionally imported into this country, under the names of 

 Madder, Munjeet, and Chay-root ; but such names are improperly applied to 

 this substance. (See Oldenlandia p. 573, and Rubia p. 572.) 



Guettarda fpeciosa,— The wood of this plant is imported from the West 

 Indies. It is the Zebra- Wood of cabinet-makers. Tortoise-wood is also some- 

 limes considered to be the produce of a variety of the same tree. 



Oldenlayidia umhellata. — The root of this plant is occasionally imported from 

 India under the name of Chay or Che root. It is employed to dye red, purple, 

 and orange-brown. The colouring matter is confined to the bark. 



Cinchona. — The plants of this genus are natives exclusively of the intertro- 

 pical valleys of the Andes, and principally on the eastern face of the Cordilleras, 

 growing commonly at heights varying from about 4000 to nearly 1"2,000 feet 

 above the level of the sea. The Cinchona region extends from Santa Cruz dela 

 Sierra, in Bolivia, about 19° S. lat., through Peru and Columbia, nearly to 

 Caracas, in about 10° of N. lat. They are small shrubs, or large forest trees, 

 with evergreen leaves, and commonly showy flowers. They appear to require 

 great moisture, and a mean temperature of about G2°. The barks of several 

 species and varieties are extensively imported into this country, under the 

 names of Cinchona, Peruvian, or Jesuits' Bark. Twenty-six varieties have 

 been described by Pereira, and Weddell has enumerated no less than 39. 'ITie 

 more important are Loxa or Crown Bark ; Gray, Silver, or Huanuco Barks 

 Yellow Bark ; and Red Bark. These four are ofhcinal in our Pharmacopoeias. 

 The different sorts of Loxa or Crown Bark, appear to be derived as follows: 

 — Original or True Crown, from C. Condamineu, var. vera, of Weddell, now 

 termed C". crispa ; White Crown, from C. Condaminea, \ ar. lucumafoltas 

 the H. O. Crown Bark, according to Mr. Howard, from C. glandulifera s 

 Ashy Crown, from C. Condaminea, var. rotundijolia ; and Wiry Loxa, from C. 

 hirsuta. All the above sorts are known in commerce, under the names of 

 Loxa or Crown barks. J^ine Gray Bark is the produce of C. nitida, and the 

 inferior or coarser kind, of C. nticrantha. They are usually mixed together. 

 The genuine Calisaya or Yellow Bark, is the produce of C. Calisaya, var. vera. 

 Two other kinds of barks are sold as true Calisaya, namely, Josephian 

 Calisaya, from C. Calisaya, var. Josephiana, and Bolivian Mulberry Calisaya, 

 from C. Boliviana. Several spurious or false ialisayas, are also known. 

 The origin of Red Bark is not altogether ascertained ; but it would appear 



