572 



SYSTEMATIC B0TA?:Y. 



from the recent researches of T^Ir. Howard, to be derived from C. erylhroderjim, 

 or Cinchona ovata, var. erythroderma, now termed C succirubra. Inferior 

 kinds of barks are, Carabaya Bark, from C. ovata, var. vulsan's ; Cusco Bark, 

 from C. puhescens, var. Pelletieriana ; Huamalies, or Rastj- Bark, from C. 

 Condaminea, var. Chahtiarguera ; Coquetta or Bogota Bark, and Fibrous 

 Carthagena, from C. Condamhiea, \ar. lancijolia ; Hard Carthagena, from C. 

 cordijolia, var. vera, &c. &c. Several alkaloids have been described as con- 

 stituents of the Cinchona barks, but by far the mo^t important are, Quina, 

 Cinchonia, and Quinidia. These are all used in medicine, and possess in 

 an eminent degree, tonic, febrifuge, and antiperiodic properties. The barks 

 themselves, in addition to such properties, are also slightly astringent. 



Uncaria or Nauclea Gambir. — An extract prepared from the leaves of this 

 plant, constitutes the kind of Catechu, which is known in commerce as 

 Gambir or Gambier, or Pale Terra Jnpanica, and by druggists, as Catechu in 

 square cakes. It is one of the most powerful of astringents, and is largely em- 

 ployed in tanning and dyeing, and also in medicine. 



Sarcocephalus esculeiittis. — The fruit is the Sierra Leone Peach. 



Genipa — The fruit of some species is eatable, that of G. americana, the 

 Lana tree, is the Genipap of South America. In British Guiana, a bluish- 

 black dye called Lana dye, is prepared from the juice of the fruit. 



Gardenia. — Yrom the fruits of G. grandiflora, G.florida, and G. radicans, 

 beautiful yellow dyes are prepared, which are extensively used in China and 

 Japan. 



Natural Order 124. — Galiace.e or Stellate. — The Mad- 

 der Order. — Herbaceotas plants, with whorled exstipulate 

 leaves {fig. 263), and angular stems {fig. 263). Calyx supe- 

 rior (^figs. 946 cal, and 947 b), \\\\\i the limb 4 — 6-lobed, or 

 obsolete. Corolla monopetalous, 4 — 6-lobed {fig. 945), regular. 



Fig. 945. Fig. 946. Fig. 947. Fig. 948. 



Fig. 945. Diagram of the flower of the Madder {Ruhia tinctoriim') Fig. 



y4(J. Pistil of Madder adherent to the calyx, cat. st. Styles and stigmas. 

 Fig. 947. Pistil of Goose Grass or Cleavers (^Galium Aparine), surrounded 



by calyx, 6. st. Styles Fig. 948. Vertical section of the fruit of 



Galium Aparine. a. Albumen, c. Embryo, pi. Placenta. 



Stamens cpipctalous, equal in number to the lobes of the corolla, 

 and alternate with them (fig. 945). Ovarij inferior ifigs. 946 

 and 947), 2-celled {fig. 945), with one solitary erect ovule in 

 each cell; styles 2 Cfiy^- 946 and 947 st). Fruit 2-celled, inde- 

 hisccnt, w ith 1 erect seed in each cell {fig. 948) ; albumen liorny 

 (fig. 948 a). This order is generally incUided witli the Cincho- 

 nacea; in a common order, called Kubiacea\ I'he Galiacea) are 

 at once di.stino;uishcd from the CinchonacciC by their whorled 

 exstipulate leaves, and angular stems. Some regard the whorls 



