134 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
A weed in cultivated ground, or more frequently the remains of 
a field of rape or cole seed. 
[England, Scotland, Ireland]. Annual or Biennial. 
Spring, Summer. 
Root slender in the annual or enlarged in the biennial form. 
Stem erect, branched, 1} to 2 feet high. Radical leaves lyrate, 
usually disappearing before the plant flowers; lower stem leaves 
sub-lyrate or sinuated; the uppermost lanceolate and entire; all 
dilated and cordate-amplexicaul at the base. Raceme slightly 
elongated before the flowers expand. Flowers about 2 inch in 
diameter, bright yellow. Calyx slightly spreading. Pods some- 
what patent, 2 to 3 inches long, slightly beaded; valves with 
1 prominent nerve; beak about # inch long, subulate-angular, 
without a seed. Whole plant very glaucous and quite smooth. 
Rape, Navew, or Coleseed. 
French, Chou Navet. German, Der Riiben Kohl. 
This plant is frequently found wild in the fields, though it is so largely cultivated 
that it may be generally suspected of having escaped from cultivation. The seeds, 
which contain large quantities of oil, constitute the chief value of this plant. They 
yield by expression about thirty-three per cent. of oil, which is very valuable for lubri- 
cating machinery; it is also used for lighting equally with colza oil, but as it does 
not dry it is not fit for the painter. As a food for cage birds the Rape seed is well 
known. All cattle like it, but sheep do not do well if fed largely upon it. Occasionally 
Rape is grown solely for the purpose of manure, and is then ploughed into the land 
after the leaves have attained their full size. The cake that remains after the oil is 
expressed is used both for cattle feeding and as manure. For the latter purpose it is 
mixed with liquid manure, and is found serviceable to flax crops; it has also been 
adopted in this country largely as a manure for turnips, and is found to be very 
successful. 
Sus-Sprecies II.—Brassica campestris. Linn. 
Puate LXXXIX.* 
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XCII. Fig. 4434. 
Leaves all glaucous, the radical ones hispid, the rest glabrous. 
Flowers falling off before the corymb lengthens into a raceme. 
A. weed in cultivated ground and by the banks of rivers and 
ditches. Not uncommon in England, but probably only a straggler 
in Scotland. 
England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or Biennial. 
Spring, Summer. 
Tam unable to distinguish any constant difference between this 
* The Plate is E. B. 2234, unaltered. 
