THE BACTERIOLOGY OF BEE DISEASES. 17 
Bacillus subgastricus, Bacterium mycoides, Pseudomonas fluorescens liquefaciens, 
and two referred to as Bacillus EH, and Saccharomyces F'. Others less frequently 
present have been isolated, but not studied. 
(9) In two samples of brood with unknown disease there was found a species 
of yeast plant here referred to as Saccharomyces G. 
SUMMARY TO PART II. 
Following is a brief summary of the results of the present investigation of bee 
diseases : 
(1) There are a number of diseased conditions which affect the apiary. 
(2) The disease which seems to cause the most rapid loss to the apiarist is 
European foul brood, in which is found Bacillus alvei—first isolated, studied, 
and named by Cheshire and Cheyne in 1885. 
(3) The distribution of Bacillus alvei in the infected hive is as follows: 
(a) The greatest number of infecting germs are found in the bodies of dead 
larve. 
(bo) The pollen stored in the cells of the foui-brood combs contains many of 
these infecting organisms. 
(c) The honey stored in brood combs infected with this disease has been 
found to contain a few bacilli of this species. 
(d@) The surface of combs, frames, and hives may be contaminated. 
¢e) The wings, head, legs, thorax, abdomen, and intestinal contents of adult 
bees were found to be contaminated with Bacillus alvei. 
(f) Bacillus alvei may appear in cultures made from the ovary of queens 
from European foul-brood colonies, but the presence of this species suggests 
contamination from the body of the queen while the cultures are being made 
and has no special significance. 
(4) The disease which seems to be most widespread in the United States we 
have called American foul brood, and the organism which has been found con- 
stantly present in the disease we have called Bacillus larve. This disorder 
was thought by many in this country and other countries as well to be the foul 
brood described by Cheshire and Cheyne, but such is not the case. 
(5) From the nature of American foul brood it is thought that the organism 
has a similar distribution to that of Bacillus alvei. 
(6) It appears that Huropean foul brood was erroneously called *“‘ New York 
bee disease ’ or “ black brood” by Dr. William R. Howard in 1900. 
(7) There is a diseased condition affecting the brood of bees which is being 
called by the bee keepers “ pickle brood.” No conclusion can be drawn from 
the investigation so far as to the cause of the disease. 
(8) Aspergillus pollinis, ascribed by Dr. William R. Howard as the cause of 
pickle brood, has not been found in this investigation and is not believed by the 
author to have any etiological relation to the so-called ‘“‘pickle brood.” 
(9) Palsy or paralysis is a diseased condition of the adult bees. No con- 
clusion can yet be drawn as to its cause. 
(10) Formaldehyde gas as ordinarily used in the apiaries is insufficient to 
insure complete disinfection. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
In a paragraph the author wishes, if possible, to present the status of the bee 
diseases in this country. It should be remembered, firstly, that ‘ black brood ”’ 
can now be dropped from our vocabulary, and probably does not exist ; secondly, 
that the term ‘‘ foul brood”’ was being applied to two distinct diseases. One of 
these diseases we now refer to as European foul brood, because it first received 
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