GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 19 
capped. As decay proceeds, these cappings become sunken and perforated, and, 
as the healthy brood emerges, the comb shows the scattered cells containing 
larvee which have died of disease, still capped. The most noticeable charac- 
teristic of this infection is the fact that when a small stick is inserted in a 
larva which has died of the disease, and slowly removed, the broken-down 
tissues adhere to it and will often stretch out for several inches before break- 
ing. When the larva dries, it forms a tightly adhering scale of very dark-brown 
color, which can best be observed when the comb is held so that a bright light 
strikes the lower side wall. Decaying larvee which have died of this disease 
have a very characteristic odor, which resembles a poor quality of glue. This 
disease seldom attacks drone or queen laryiee. It appears to be much more 
virulent in the western part of the United States than in the East. 
EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. 
European foul brood (often called “ black brood”) is not nearly as widespread 
in the United States as is American foul brood, but in certain parts of the coun- 
try it has caused enormous losses. It is steadily on the increase and is con- 
stantly being reported from new localities. It is therefore desirable that bee 
keepers be on the watch for it. 
Adult bees in infected colonies are not very active, but do succeed in cleaning 
out some of the dried scales. This disease attacks larvee earlier than does 
American foul brood, and a comparatively small percentage of the diseased 
brood is ever capped. The diseased laryvee which are capped over have sunken 
and perforated cappings. The larvae when first attacked show a small yellow 
spot on the body near the head and move uneasily in the cell. When death 
occurs, they turn yellow, then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larvze 
which have died of this disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread when 
a small stick is inserted and slowly removed. Occasionally there is a very 
slight “ ropiness,” but this is never very marked. The thoroughly dried laryie 
form irregular scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of 
the cell. There is very little odor from decaying laryze which have died from 
this disease, and when an odor is noticeable it is not the “ glue-pot ” odor of the 
American foul brood, but more nearly resembles that of soured dead brood. 
This disease attacks drone and queen larvee very soon after the colony is in- 
fected. It is as a rule much more infectious than American foul brood and 
spreads more rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the disease 
will disappear of its own accord, a thing which the author never knew to occur 
ina genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is most destruc- 
tive during the spring aud early summer, often almost disappearing in late 
stimmer and autumn. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
Mr. France (Wisconsin). When I was with Doctor Phillips and 
Inspector Hutchinson in Michigan studying the difference between 
American and European foul brood, it occurred to me that it was 
possible to bring together at this time specimens of diseased brood 
from different localities. In my own city (Platteville, Wis.) I found 
samples of diseased comb and had reserved them for this meeting, but 
unfortunately three of the four samples in my possession contained 
moth larvee, and it was impossible to tell anything about the disease. 
The only one that I still have is now in my grip. 
Mr. Dapanr. Where were those samples from / 
