26 MEETING OF INSPECTURS OF APIARIES. 
and 261). This examination showed that in every dead larva and in each foul 
brood cell, whether the contents were yet white and fluid or brown, tenacious, 
and ropy, there were to be found long oval bodies, which Preuss called ‘“ micro- 
cocci.” Close to and among them, Cohn was the first to find, with the most 
powerful of the five microscopes that were used, a countless number of slender 
pale rods, joined together, and which he at once identified as bacteria of the 
genus Bacillus. The length of a single rod was about 6 micromillimeters, but 
many of them were two and three jointed, so that these foul brood bacteria 
microscopically resembled the anthrax bacteria, though of course they were 
different physiologically and in the manner in which they acted as ferments. 
It is not surprising when we remember the state of bacteriological knowledge 
in 1870, that Preuss should have mistaken micrococeci for the spores of a bacillus. 
In 1885 the first investigation which merited close attention was 
published in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, entitled 
* The Pathogenic History and History under Cultivation of a New 
Bacillus (B. alvez), the Cause of a Disease of the Hive Bee Hitherto 
Known as Foul Brood,” by Frank R. Cheshire, F. R. M.S., F. L. S., 
and W. Watson Cheyne, M. B., F. R. C. S. One point is here to be 
especially noticed, there were two authors of this paper. The paper 
was divided into Part I, Pathogenic History, by Mr. Cheshire, and 
Part II, History Under Cultivation, by Mr. Cheyne, and with the 
latter part Mr. Cheshire had nothing whatever to do. Bee keepers 
are generally giving Mr. Cheshire the credit for this work, but it is 
clear that Mr. Cheyne, the man who did the bacteriological work, 
should be the one to get the credit. The description of the disease, 
contained in Part I, is as follows: 
The nature of foul brood as a germ disease.—If a comb be removed from 
near the center of a healthy hive during the summer months its cells will 
normally be filled with eggs, larvee, and pupze in every stage of development. 
The eggs as left by the ovipositor of the queen or mother adhere commonly by 
the end to the base of the cells they occupy, and favored by the high tempera- 
ture constantly maintained within the hive, the germinal vesicle at about three 
days matures into a larva ready for hatching. These eggs I have shown as lia- 
ble to the disease even before they leave the body of the mother, but most careful 
microscopic examination is needful to make this apparent (and of which I 
shall speak presently more particularly). On the contrary, the larvse, which 
are constantly fed by the workers, so change in appearance soon after in- 
fection that a practiced eye at once detects the presence of the disease. Whilst 
healthy their bodies are of a beautiful pearly whiteness, lying, at first floating, 
in the abundant pabulum the nurses are ever ready to supply. As they grow 
they curl themselves at the bottom of the cells until they become too strait 
for their occupants, which now advance to the head to be in readiness for the 
cocoon spinning, which follows upon the close of the eating stage. When the 
disease strikes the laryze they move uneasily in their cells, and often then pre- 
sent the dorsal surface to its mouth, * * * so that mere posture is no insuffi- 
cient evidence of an unhealthy condition. The color changes to yellow, passing 
on by degrees toward a pale brown, whilst the skin becomes flaccid and opaque ; 
death soon occurs, when the body, now shrunken by evaporation, lies on the 
lower side of the cell, increasing in depth of tone, until in a few days. nothing 
