A SEVENTEEN-YEAR RACE AND A THIRTEEN-YEAR RACE. 15 
general way, to the northern half of the range of the species, and 
the other requiring but thirteen years for its development and cover- 
ing the southern half of the range of the species. 
This interesting and very important fact was first discovered, it 
seems, by Dr. D. L. Phares, then of Woodville, Miss., who announced 
the 13-year period for the southern broods in a local paper—the 
Woodville (Miss.) Republican, May 17, 1845. As this paper had only 
a local circulation the significance of this discovery was lost sight of 
and probably never came to the attention of naturalists: and it was 
not until 1868, when Dr. B. D. Walsh and Prof. C. V. Riley arrived at 
the same conclusion and published, in a joint article in the Ameri- 
can Entomologist,¢ a mass of accumulated observations bearing 
thereon, that the 13-year period for the southern broods came to be 
generally accepted. 
In Professor Riley’s first report on the insects of Missouri, pub- 
lished the following year (1869), the joint article just referred to was 
reproduced substantially without change, except for a revision of the 
classification of the broods, based on data obtained chiefly from a very 
valuable unpublished monograph entitled ‘‘ The American locust,” 
ete., by Dr. Gideon B. Smith, of Baltimore, Md. 
This manuscript paper, on the authority of Professor Riley, was 
communicated to him by Dr. J. G. Morris, of Baltimore, some four 
months after the publication of the existence of the 13-year race by 
Walsh and Riley, but in time for use in the preparation of the article 
for the First Missouri Report. In it the existence of the 13-year 
Southern race, occurring in several broods, is fully recorded by Doc- 
tor Smith in connection with the use of the specific name ‘‘tredecim.” 
(See Appendix.) 
After the existence of the 13-year Southern race was again brought 
into prominence by Walsh and Riley, Doctor Phares published an 
article in the Southern Field and Factory, Jackson, Miss., April, 1873, 
in which he called attention to his earlier publication, cited above, 
where he seems to have controverted the belief that there is no 13- 
year brood, evidently entertained up to that time by Doctor Smith, 
with whom Doctor Phares was in correspondence, and also to an 
article published May 5, 1858, in the Republican, where he used the 
title ‘Cicada tredecim.”” Doctor Smith later evidently accepted the 
conclusions of Doctor Phares and introduced them in his last. revi- 
sion of his manuscript memoir, which Professer Riley saw and used. 
To Doctor Phares, therefore, belongs the honor of having made the 
discovery of the 13-year period for the Southern broods. Neverthe- 
less, but for the independent work of Walsh and Riley, the knowl- 
edge of the 13-year broods might have been long lacking, and, in the 
@Vol. I, pp. 63-72, December, 1868, 
