CICADA HUTS, OR CONES. 91 
numbers. Oviposition began on the 13th of June, and by the 17th of 
the month the leaves on the wounded twigs commenced to wither. 
All had disappeared by the 4th of July. 
METHOD OF EMERGENCE. 
In escaping from the soil the pupa burrows directly upward, but not 
alwaysin astraight line, and under normal conditions emerges directly, 
leaving a small round hole about the size of a man’s little finger. 
While it is generally true that they do not pierce the surface at all 
until they are ripe for transformation, they seem to have a frequent 
habit of penetrating nearly to the top of the ground some time before 
they actually issue and remaining usually within their burrows or 
sometimes emerging, but concealing themselves under logs, stones, 
etc., awaiting the proper moment to come forth. Usually throughout 
the month of April they are to be found thus near the surface, as has 
been recorded by many observers. 
On the authority of Professor Potter the 10th of April is usually 
the date for their appearance near the top of the ground. Here they 
are often discovered by hogs and eaten with avidity, their holes com- 
ing within a quarter of an inch of the surface and penetrating down- 
ward from 6 to 12 inches. 
CICADA HUTS, OR CONES. 
Under special or peculiar circumstances, not always easily explain- 
able, the Cicada pupx construct little cones, or chimneys, of earth 
above the surface of the soil, continuing and capping their holes, sev- 
eral weeks before the time of issuing. In addition to the names 
Cicada “huts” or ‘‘cones,”’ these curious structures have been variously 
termed ‘“‘towers,” ‘‘roofs,”’ ‘‘chimneys,”’ ‘‘turrets,’ and ‘‘adobe 
dwellings.” . 
The earliest reference to them, if the writer mistakes not the sig- 
nificance of the language, and one which has hitherto been overlooked, 
is by Professor Potter.* He refers to the ‘‘roofs of their tenements” 
as being ‘‘neatly arched and so firmly cemented that water is never 
found in them, although all of the surrounding grounds are over- 
flowed and eee saturated,” and, stating that ‘‘the locust is not 
singular in this provision,” he refers, in the same connection, to the 
crayfish and other shellfish and some insects as building Pptiged alone 
water courses, where the soil is wet, resembling ‘‘small chimneys,’ 
as a provision against ‘“‘inundation fod drowning. 
The first definite account of the Cicada huts we owe to Mr. S. 5. 
Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., who described them as occurring in 
localities where the drainage was imperfect. He says 
>) 
a Notes on the Locusta, etc., pp. 17, 18 (1839). 
