CICADA HUTS, OR CONES. 93 
The results of these investigations have cleared up much of the 
obscurity which has hitherto surrounded these elevated burrows. 
The first person to note these structures in 1894 was Mr. William 
T. Davis, who reported their occurrence in April on Staten Island, 
New York, stating that the pupx had been found on the 8th of that 
month under boards on the edge of a meadow, where they had been 
erecting cones of earth above the damp ground. In a later article 
he says: 
On the 22d of April many pup were found in the woods along Willow Brook under 
stones, logs, and the chips about stumps of trees cut down in winter. Many more 
were without protection of this kind, and their presence was indicated by the small 
irregular cones of earth among the dead leaves. A heavy footfall near the cone was 
sufficient to cause the insects to retreat, but if they were approached silently and 
suddenly knocked over their constructors would be found within. 
Some of the cones were 3 inches high, but they did not average 
more than 2 inches. The experience of Mr. Davis corroborates the 
theories of Professof Potter and Mr. Rathvon that the cicada cones, 
occurring in moist situations, are designed to lift the insect above 
such undesirable conditions. 
Early in the spring of 1894 the attention of Doctor Lintner, the 
New York State entomologist, was called by correspondents to the 
occurrence of these cones and an investigation of the subject was 
undertaken. A preliminary report was published in 1895,¢ but his 
final report was not published until May, 1897.° In describing the 
phenomenon in his Tenth Report, he says that the cones frequently 
occurred in many thousands and occasionally hundreds of thousands 
together, in some cases being intermingled with the ordinary open 
burrows. At New Baltimore, N. Y., 16 miles south of Albany, as 
early as the last week in April the pupz had brought up, apparently 
from a considerable depth, masses of soft clay-like material and 
molded it above the ground into conical and cylindrical structures 
for their temporary occupancy. In places the ground was almost 
covered with them, as many as twenty-five being counted to the 
square foot. The cones inclined at a considerable angle from the 
perpendicular and measured from 2 to 34 inches in height, and 
the chamber within was uniform in diameter with the hole in the 
ground. In emerging the pupa made a round opening in the upper 
part of the chamber for its escape. 
In the Twelfth Report cited, a long list of localities in New York is 
given where the cones were found in 1894, together with notes on the 
character of the chambers and accompanying conditions of the soil, 
and also on the method of their construction. One of the pilates 
illustrating this report is reproduced in this bulletin (see Pl. ID. It 
@Tenth Report Insects New York, pp. 420-423. 
6 Twelfth Report Insects New York, pp. 279-286, 
