CICADA HUTS, OR CONES. 95 
raised above the surface from 2 to 4 inchesrand from 14 to 2 inches in diameter, sealed 
at the top, with a hole inside extending down in the earth 12 inches at least, * * * 
and you will see mentally what I saw yesterday physically. 
In this instance also, on the authority of Mr. Lander, the turrets 
ended abruptiy at the edge of the burned area. The other instances 
of these structures cited by Mr. Lander also bear out his theory. As 
a rule, they were located on rocky cliffs with uniformly shallow soil or 
in other situations where the soil in which the Cicada could work was 
shallow. In the midst of one of the largest colonies a deep gully 
occurred, 300 or 400 feet wide, in which the soil was a deep loam. 
Here there were no domed burrows, although the hills on either side 
were covered with them, and yet at the proper season the cicadas 
appeared in the ordinary way in this gully in almost incredible num- 
bers, leaving their customary small holes of exit even with the surface. 
Some confirmatory records were obtained by Mr. Lander in 1898.4 
The occurrence of these cones, as described by Professor Newberry 
(p. 92), is confirmatory of this theory, a shallow covering of soil over 
pupe of a few inches only being left by the slight excavation made. 
A sunilar instance occurred in the District of Columbia in connection 
with Brood X in 1902, and represented the only occurrence of these 
structures observed that year in this vicinity. Mr. William Tindall, 
living on Washington Heights, at the northwest section of the city, 
discovered some of these curious structures in his woodshed, and an 
investigation of the premises developed the fact that this woodshed 
was studded with Cicada cones of perfect construction, varying from 
1 inch to 6 inches in height. Evidently a tree had stood about 
where the woodshed was built, and the cicadas had undergone their 
development successfully in the ground beneath. All of those coming 
to the surface outside of the shed escaped through simple holes with-, 
out any structures above ground, but every individual which came 
up within the shed built a turret or cone. The ground floor of the 
shed was somewhat moist, rain running under, but it was rather drier 
than the ground outside, so that the cones could not have been built 
on account of the moisture. There had perhaps been a slight removal 
of surface soil in this shed, bringing the cicadas nearer to the surface 
and thus leading them to extend their galleries. Plate III is from a 
photograph taken of the cones as they appeared in the shed, and 
Plate IV illustrates half a dozen of these cones, nearly natural size, 
two of which have been cut away to show the interior character of 
the gallery. 
Dr. E. G. Love, who also studied the problem of the Cicada huts 
very carefully, agrees in the main with Mr. Lander, but differs some- 
what in his explanation. As to the conditions of their occurrence, he 
writes as follows: 
@ Journal of the N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, September, 1899, pp. 212-214, 
