106 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. 
RESULT TO THE 
PLANT OF OVIPOSITION. 
The effect on the plant of the cutting of the smaller twigs by the 
female in depositing her eggs has been often described, and is apt to 
Fic. 41.—Egg punctures of period:cal Ci- 
cada: a, twig showing recent punctures. 
from front and side, and illustrating man- 
ner of breaking; b, twig showing older 
punctures, with retraction of bark and 
more fully displaying the arrangement 
of fibers. Natural size (after Riley). 
the Cicada abounds, the injury is apt to be very con- 
siderable. 
newly cleared ground 
be especially noteworthy and disas- 
trous in the case of such favorite trees 
as the oak, hickory, and apple, and in 
the case of the latter, especially in 
young orchards surrounded by woods, 
or in recent clearings. (See fig. 41.) 
The weakening of the twigs by the 
punctures causes many of them to be 
partly broken off by the winds, and 
the brown, withered leaves are con- 
spicuous for the remainder of the sum- 
‘mer. Many of the twigs break off en- 
tirely and fall to the ground, and the 
general twig pruning which results is 
often of considerable extent, giving 
the forests, as sometimes described, a 
eloomy appearance, or as though 
scorched by fire, from the number of 
the extremities of twigs thus injured. 
With large shade trees, 
and particularly trees 
in forests, the damage 
is not often excessive, 
and the recovery is 
usually complete, or 
nearly so, within two 
or three years. With 
fruit trees and nursery 
stock, on the other 
hand, and especially on 
or in the vicinity of 
forests or groves where 
1G. 42.—Twig show- 
ing scars from 
The following extract from a letter from Mr. Wil- _ punctures after the 
second year. (After 
liam G. Wayne, of Seneca Falls, N. Y., illustrates 3...) 
the injury sometimes experienced. Referring to 
the Hudson River Valley brood, appearing in 1826, he says: 
They destroyed the fruitage of the orchards almost completely. Nearly all the 
tender branches of the trees were so wounded in the deposit of the eggs that they 
