138 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. 
Two mites, one belonging to the genus Cheyletus (fig. 67) and the 
other to the genus Bdella (fig. 68), were found associated with the eggs 
of the Cicada in Virginia in July, 1885. Both of these mites seem to 
be undescribed, but the material is not in good enough condition to 
warrant their description. Both genera are known to be carnivorous, 
and the specimens secured had doubtless been preying on the Cicada 
egos. : 
THE VERTEBRATE ENEMIES. 
Under this heading I will supplement merely the general state- 
ments given elsewhere on the destruction of the Cicada by birds, 
mammals, etc., by quoting the observations of Mr. A. W. Butler, 
who devoted considerable attention to the natu- 
ral enemies of the Cicada in 1885 in southeast- 
ern Indiana. His lists and notes, which follow, 
could be much extended and, if all the enemies 
of the Cicada were known, would doubtless in- 
clude all the insectivorous birds and mammals 
occurring within the range of this insect. He 
Says: 
a Among birds the English sparrow, Passer domesticus 
(Linn.), is perhaps its greatest enemy. Within one week 
from the date of the appearance of the Cicada in Brookville 
not one could be found, and I doubt if asingle specimen 
was permitted to deposit its eggs, owing to the persistent 
warfare waged by this garrulous sparrow. 
Of native birds the robin, Merula migratoria (Linn.); 
blackbird, Quiscalus quiscula xneus (Ridg.); catbird, Gale- 
Fie, 68-—Bdella sp. mite  Gscoptes carolinensis (Linn.); red-headed woodpecker, 
parasite of eggs of Cicada. ¢ ¢ : 
Greatly enlarged (author’s  “Zelanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.); flicker, Colaptes auratus 
illustration). luteus Bangs; towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.), and 
orchard oriole, Icterus spurius (Linn.) were their greatest 
enemies, Food of every other sort appeared to be neglected in order that they might 
feast for a limited period upon the easily captured Cicada. 
Of other birds examined, the following contained Cicada remains: Brown thrasher, 
Toxostoma rufum (Linn.); Baltimore oriole, Jcterus galbula (Linn.); scarlet tanager, 
Piranga erythromelas Vieill.; blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila cxrulea (Linn.); worm- 
eating warbler, Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.); purple martin, Progne subis (Linn.); 
wood pewee, Horizopus virens (Linn.); wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.); 
yellow-throated vireo, Lanivireo flavifrons (Viell.); cardinal grosbeak, Cardinalis car- 
dinalis (Linn.); tufted titmouse, Beolophus bicolor (Linn.); Carolina chickadee, Pen- 
thestes carolinensis (Aud.); chipping sparrow, Spizella socialis (Wilson); downy wood- 
pecker, Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains); crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus 
(Linn.); indigo bird, Passerina cyanea (Linn.); cow bird, Molothrus ater (Bodd.); 
white-bellied nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis Lath.; yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus amer- 
a The nomenclature of the birds and mammals mentioned in this extract has been 
revised for this bulletin by Mr. Harry ©. Oberholser, of the Bureau of Biological Sur- 
vey, U. 8. Department of Agriculture. 
