THE CICADA IN LITERATURE. 153 
described as a distinct species Cicada cassinii, the small form referred 
to by several of the earlier authors, and to this paper were appended 
comparative notes on the habits of the two forms by John Cassin.¢ 
About this time, 1851-52, also appeared the very complete account 
by Doctor Harris in his ‘‘Insects of New England,’ and also some 
anatomical studies of the sexual system and musical apparatus by 
Dr. W. I. Burnett. In 1856 Dr. Asa Fitch, in his first report on the 
insects of New York, gives an extended account of the periodical 
Cicada, classifying or listing some nine broods, but not adding other- 
wise particularly to the knowledge of the insect. Several accounts 
of the species followed, including the notice of a 13-year brood, which 
Doctor Phares claims to have published in the Republican of Wood- 
ville, Miss., May 5, 1858, under the title ‘‘ Cicada tredecim”’—the earliest 
published suggestion of this name for the 13-year race. None of the 
other communications, including papers and notices by Fitch, Walsh, 
Glover, and Cook, is of great importance, if we except the reference 
by Glover to Smith already noted. 
The next step of real importance was the publication by Walsh and 
Riley in the first volume of the American Entomologist of a very full 
and illustrated editorial account, in which the 13-year species is char- 
acterized and the 13-year period for the southern broods is fully estab- 
lished and a register of some sixteen broods is given. Professor Riley 
in his First Missouri Report reproduces this article with the additions 
to the broods derived chiefly from the manuscript memoir by Doctor 
Smith, which had been in the meantime communicated to him by Dr. 
J. G. Morris, of Baltimore, Md. In this paper Professor Riley revised 
and renumbered the broods, increasing their number to twenty-two. 
Professor Riley’s classification of the broods, and the details of the 
life history and habits of the insect, as given by Walsh and Riley in 
the American Entomologist, and later by Riley in his report, have 
been accepted as the chief source of information since. 
From the date of these articles until 1885 the additions to the liter- 
ature are chiefly of records bearing on the distribution of the broods, 
furnished notably by Rathvon, McCutcheon, Riley, Le Baron, Glover, 
Phares, Packard, Lintner, and many others. 
The recurrence in 1885 of the great Brood X of the 17-year race, 
im conjunction with the very important 13-year Brood XXIII, gave 
again a great stimulus to the study of this insect. Professor Riley 
published in June, 1885, as Bulletin No. 8 (old series) of the Division 
of Entomology, an account of both races with a very full chronology 
of all the known broods. These data were repeated in part, with 
important additions, in the Report of the Department for that year, 
published in 1886. Other general articles were published by Doctor 
@ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, Vol. V, pp. 273-275. 
