Pomona College Journal of Entomology 675 



My first generation, of the year 1906, were all somewhat darker in color, as 

 IS the case with many otiier butterflies, when they are bred in darkness. I deter- 

 mined to try to emphasize tliis dark color, by selecting the darkest males, and 

 pair them with the darkest females, and then breed the descendants in the same 

 way in 9<) degrees warm, damp air, and in darkness. The second generation 

 came out in August, lyoti. They were only five days in the chrysalis; the ground 

 color was dark, as in the first generation, except a few, which reverted to the 

 normal color (see Figure 221 A, representing a female, caught in Los Angeles 

 August 1, 1909). I bred a female in this second generation wliich had a black 

 appendix on the large eye spot of the forewing (see Figure 221 B). The black 

 eye spot of the forewing is always of the same color on the under side of the 

 wing, but it is a little smaller tliere. In my bred specimen of this generation the 

 appendix is only on the upper side of the wing, the under side has the usual dark 

 round center with a ring around it; only in later generations, when this new 

 appendix becomes very large, is it visible also on the under side. This specimen 

 seemed too valuable to me to put in the pair cage, as all butterflies which are used 

 for pairing lose so much color that they are not good for a collection. Beside 

 this one just described, I got two more females with only a black point on the 

 same place as this appendix, though not connected with the black eye spot, but 

 just below the dark ring and connected with it. I separated these two females 

 in a pairing cage, with enough males to secure a mating, and in the next or third 

 generation, obtained two females with a point, as above described, and two others 

 had a small spot, connected with the black eye spot, but not quite so large as 

 in Figure 22 IB. The females with an appendix amounted to about ten per cent 

 in the tliird generation ; as I knew only one food plant at that time, and had only 

 a few plants, I could not raise very many caterpillars to each generation, so my 

 calculation may be not very exact. As I obtained not one male with an appendix, 

 I supposed the males would never get it, or the female must be progressive in this 

 new development; the last named conclusion proved true later. I bred up to 

 November four generations, and as my food plants were almost consumed, I stored 

 a dozen chrysalides in the warm room, to hatch them all out at once. But, alas ! 

 Over night the ants got in the room, and there was nothing left, except a few 

 empty cases of the chrysalides. 



As Junonia does not fly in great abundance near Los Angeles, I had to wait 

 two years before I caught a fertile female, on April 25, 1909. At that time I 

 found by chance that the caterpillars also take as a food plant our garden variety 

 of Pentstemon, which I have used ever since; and I found that these different food 

 plants have no influence on the color of the butterflies. I bred this new line the 

 same way as before, in 90 degrees warm, damp air, and in darkness. In the second 

 generation I got out of ten females two with a point below the large eye spot of 

 the forewing; and I noticed that all the females had the eye spot of the forewing 

 enlarged, and the very small spot in the apex of the forewing was also enlarged; 

 so was the small double white spot. From one generation to the other, the 

 enlargement of the eye spot of the forewing became more marked ; also the 

 appendix became larger, and the percentages slowly increased. In the ninth 



