Belling: Lethal Factors and Sterility 



165 



(39) Salaman, R. N. I'MO, Jour. Linn. 

 Soc, 39:301. Pollen Abortion in Potato. 

 Effects of Season. 



(40) Saunders, E. R. 1911 and 1915, Jour, 

 of Genetics, 1:303 and 5:137. Sublethal 

 Factor Combination in Matthiola. 



(41) Shull, G. H. 1914, Zeitsch. f. hid. 

 Abst. u. Vererbungslehre, 12:97. Recessive 

 Sublethal Factor in Bursa. 



(42) Shull, G. H. 1914, Ber. d. Deutsch. 

 Bot. Ges. 31; Gen. Vers. Heft.: 40. Lethal and 

 Sublethal Factors (for chlorophyll) in Melan- 

 driam. 



(43) Standish, L. M. 1916, Journ. of 

 Heredity, 7 : 266. Pollen Abortion in Cra- 

 taegus. 



(44) Stomps, T. J. 1912, Ber. d. Deutsch. 

 Bot. Ges., 30:406. Abortion of Zygotes in 

 Oenothera Crosses. 



(45) Sutton, A. W. 1914, Journ. Liftn. 

 Soc. Bot., 47:427. Sterility and FertiHty of 

 Species Crosses in Pisum. 



(46) Tammes, T. 1914, Kon. Akad. v. 

 Wetensch., Amsterdam, 16: 1021. Quanti- 

 tative Study of Sublethal Recessive in Flax. 



(47) FiscHLER, G. 1903, Beih. Bot. Cen- 



fralbl., 15:408. Abortion of Embryosacs in 

 Ribes and Svringa Hybrids. 



(48) FiscHLER, G. 1906, Ber. d. Deutsch. 

 Bot. Ges., 24:83. Abortion of Pollen and 

 Eml:)ryosacs in a Bryonia vSpecies Hybrid. 



(49) FISCHLER, G. 1906, Jahrb. f. 7i>iss. 

 Bot., 42:545. Pollen Abortion in Ribes 

 Hybrids. 



(50) FISCHLER, G. 1908, Archiv. f. Zell- 

 forschung, 1 : ii. Pollen Abortion in Hybrids 

 of Mirabilis, Potcntilla, and S3Tinga. 



(51) FISCHLER, G. 1910, Archiv. f. Zell- 

 forschung, 5: 622. Pollen Abortion in Bananas 

 with Different Chromosome Numbers. 



(52) Trow, A. H. 1916, Journ. of Genetics, 

 6:66. Recessive Lethals in Senecio (chloro- 

 phyll factors). 



(53) ViLMORiN, P. De. 1913, Journ. of 

 Genetics, 3 : 67. Lethal Factor, Probably Dom- 

 inant, in Wheat. 



(54) Wettstein, R. v. 1908, Wiesner- 

 Fetschrift, p. 368. Sempervivum Hybrids 

 with Less Pollen Abortion when Grown from 

 Cuttings. 



(55) White, O. E. 1913, Am. Nat., 47: 206. 

 Pollen Abortion in Abnormal Anthers of Fas- 

 ciated Strain of Tobacco. 



Improvement of Labor Conditions for Women in France 



Early in the war, it became realized 

 in France that the absence of men and 

 heavy responsibilities on women were 

 catising- many conditions to exist which 

 could not but be detrimental to the race. 

 One of the chief of these was work in 

 factories for women and more especially 

 night work. Although laws regulating 

 such labor have been passed, frequent 

 exemptions have been granted. A cir- 

 cular dated June 29, 1910, states Com- 

 merce Reports, prescribed certain limits 

 for the employment of women at night. 

 Then gradually employers themselves 

 undertook to restrict further the night 

 employment of female labor, with the 

 result that an investigation begun by the 

 Ministry of Labor on May 31, 1917, 

 shows that female labor at night has 

 been reduced to almost insignificant pro- 

 portions. 



It is reported that improvements have 

 been made everywhere in the conditions 

 and circumstances affecting the night 

 work of the women. Husband and wife 

 are employed at the same hours, so that 

 they may take their meals together ; 

 there are eight-hour shifts, so that night 

 work is required of each shift only one 

 week in three ; women are entrusted 

 with the lighter kinds of work ; the rest 



periods have been made more num- 

 erous ; female workers living in the 

 same quarter of the town are grouped 

 together in the factory. 



In the belief that "further modifica- 

 tions might be made without jeopardiz- 

 ing the national defense, the committee 

 in charge of female labor conditions 

 gave expression to a number of desi- 

 derata to be put into effect. It is urged 

 that no girls under eighteen years of 

 age be employed at night, and that night 

 work for women in no case be permitted 

 to last longer than ten hours. It is also 

 urged that night work for females of 

 all ages, tolerated since the beginning of 

 the war by suspension of the rules on 

 this subject, shall be suppressed when- 

 ever the conditions aft'ecting the supply 

 of raw materials, of motive power, and 

 of labor are such as to make it possible 

 to obtain the same output by means of 

 day labor alone ; that when the output 

 of a factory is decreased night work be 

 curtailed first of all for women ; that 

 whenever the hours of labor are de- 

 creased, the reduction apply first to 

 night work ; that, so far as possible, 

 mobilized married laborers be sent by 

 preference to shops and factories in 

 which their wives are employed. 



