10 MADREPORARIA. 
Further, as will be seen in the section on the morphology of the skeleton, a special prominence 
of the pali, supposed to be characteristic of Synarea, is the rule in shallow calicles. And 
specimens may be seen with deep calicles and feeble pali, supposed to be typical of Porites, on 
the top, but down the sides the calicles are shallow, and the pali very pronounced. 
An exactly parallel phenomenon was pointed out in Vol IV., p. 16. Deep calicles, 
supposed to be typical of Goniopora, may be seen over all the upper parts of a stock, while 
shallow calicles with very prominent central rosette, thought to be typical of the genus 
Rhodarea, may be found at the sides. The genus Synarwa is suppressed for reasons similar 
to those which compelled us to suppress the genus Khodarea. 
(c) Neoporites et Cosmoporites. 
These genera were the result of the working up in 1864* by Duchassaing and Michelotti 
of the collection of corals from the Antilles, which they had roughly described in 1860. 
The earlier description resulted in nine “species,” five of which were thought to be new. 
The elaboration of the collection resulted in thirteen species divided among three genera— 
Porites, Neoporites and Cosmogorites, The first genus contained the branching forms. The 
second differed from the first in being encrusting, tuberous, or even lobate, and in having no 
pali, or only vestiges of them. The third is also encrusting, and seems to differ from the 
second genus only in having a small reticular columella (columella laea). 
The uncertainty of the genus Neoporites has been pointed out by several authors. Martin 
Duncan ignored both it and Cosmoporites, in his revision. Dr. Gregory ¢ placed Neoporites 
in the synonymy of Porites astreoides, but made no mention of Cosmoporites. The same 
applies also to Dr. Wayland Vaughan.§ 
The present writer pointed out || that the difference between Porites and these new genera 
was practically the difference between the ordinary Porites with septa fusing and sending up 
pali, and the forms with short septa which do not meet, and thus have no pali. The best 
known representative of such forms at the time was the P. astrwoides of the West Indies. 
Since writing that, many forms have been found in the Indo-Pacific area which show the 
same apparent simplicity of the septa. This septal arrangement now, however, seems to be 
correlated with the depth of the calicles ; when the latter are shallow, the septa meet and fuse 
high up, and pali rise from the points of fusion. But as the calicles deepen, the septa slope 
downwards, separately, and their points of fusion and of pali formation are gradually mixed 
up with the columellar tangle, until we have a return to what appears to have been the most 
primitive condition of twelve short separate septa. Compare further the discussion on Stylarea 
below. The two genera Neoporites and Cosmoporites, as distinct trom Porites, do not, then, 
* Mem. Acad. Sci. Turin, xxiii. pp. 1-112. J Jbid., xix. pp. 1-89. 
t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., li. (1895) p. 284. 
§ Samml. Geol. Reichs Museum, Leiden 2°, ii. (1901) p. 75. 
| Journ. Linn. Soc., xxvii. (1899), p. 147. 
