6 MADREPORARIA. 
In 1864,* Dr. Verrill founded a new genus, Synarea, for those of Dana’s Porttes in 
which the calicles were flush with the surface (see, however, p. 9). 
In 1866, Dr. Verrillt described several new species from the West Coast of America. 
According to him the genus consisted of Poritids “having generally 12 septa, sometimes 12 to 
20, rarely 24.” In this catalogue all Poritids with more than 12 septa are placed in the genus 
Goniopora. Dr. Verrill noted the circle of 5-6, or more, small papille, or paliform teeth, often 
scarcely distinct from the septal papille. 
In 1871, Pourtales{ recorded the great abundance of forms which he called by the old 
9 ¢¢ 
Lamarckian names “ fwreata,” “clavaria,” and “ astreoides,’ on the Florida reefs. 
In 1878,§ Briiggemann, in describing a new “species,” complained of the reckless way 
in which certain “ specific” names—e.g. “ Astr@oides” and “arenosa”—had been applied, and 
made special reference to the misapplication of the name “ conglomerata.” 
In the following year, in a posthumous paper, the same writer described two new forms 
from Ponapé. 
In 1879, Dr. Klunzinger described and photographed some of the Red Sea forms. 
Starting from a proposition that in Porites the calicles are joined together by walls and not by 
ceenenchyma, an untenable distinction already criticised in Vol. IV., pp. 6 and 19, of this 
Catalogue, he separated Synarwa as far as possible from Porites, whereas, in this Catalogue, 
it has been found impossible to separate them. Most Porites are Synareas round their basal 
edges, where the calicles are usually flush with the surface. 
Dr. Klunzinger recognised the pali as the lowest or innermost of the septal teeth (see 
further, below, under Stylarca, p. 11). 
In 1880, Agassiz** published excellent figures of “P. clavaria,” “P. furcata 
” 
and 
“ P. astreoides.” The detailed figures of his “ P. furcata” are very different from those given 
by Milne-Edwards and Haime mentioned above. 
In 1884, Martin Duncan ff described the genus without making any advance on Milne- 
Edwards and Haime. He repeated Dr. Klunzinger’s statement above referred to, as to the 
distinction between Porites and Synarea. 
In 1886, Mr. Quelch, in describing the ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals,{{ was led to believe that 
two cycles of septa were not characteristic of Porites. Although quoting Dr. Verrill (see above), 
he was himself led to this on finding a Philippine specimen, named by him P. mirabilis, which 
had a large number of calicles with three and even four cycles. The fact, however, was over- 
looked that such abnormal double calicles occur very commonly in nearly all Porites. I have 
found them also in Turbinaria and Montipora. In the case of P. mirabilis, they happen to be 
especially numerous, but on no account do they justify any alteration in the usual description of 
Porites. 
* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. p. 42. + Trans. Conn. Acad., i. (1866) p. 505. 
t+ Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (1871), p. 84. § Abh. Bremen, v. p. 546. 
|| Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, v. p. 210. { Die Korallthiere des Rothen Meeres, ii. p. 39. 
** Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, pl. xii. figs. 4-7; pl. xvi. figs. 1-22. 
tt Journ, Linn, Soc., xviii. p. 187, tt Chall. Rep. xvi. p. 178. 
