260 The Journal 
below. The subject is asked to write 
one appropriate word in each blank, 
and is given seven minutes for the task: 
4, We are going---------- school. 
Oa ees See to school each day. 
iA UR By oes Sas eS DIAVSeess See her dolls 
all day. 
21. The rude child does not__-------- many 
friends. 
03. shards = > MAKES ee tired 
fia be fee ag eB ap pee SS voice 
a og a yd friend 
71. The happiest and---------- contented man 
is theone™ ss 22 lives a busy and 
SONGS poe 
AD. ‘The sbest sadvices 9. eae = usually 
crag gene Penns obtained: 5.02224 sae 
one’s parents. 
Sy te a hs Spe thingssare 225-1 28 satisfying 
{O--any ordinary: 25-2 2 than con- 
genial friends. 
BE: ees hee S ai rules (Ones 2 ois See Se associa- 
Hons sero Sos friends. 
It does not follow that a person is 
abnormal, simply because he fails on 
this or any other single test. It is 
highly essential that all tests be 7nter- 
preted, and, naturally, such evaluation 
should be made only by persons having 
a wide experience in these matters. 
The ‘‘Opposites”’ test is one which is 
being widely recognized as very useful. 
The patient is given a list of words such 
as 
good outside quick 
tall big loud 
white light happy 
false like rich 
sick glad thin 
empty war friend 
He must write down as rapidly as 
possible the words which mean _ the 
exact opposite of ‘each of these. A 
normal person can write them almost 
as rapidly as his hand can move the 
pencil; but a feebleminded individual, 
even though he has spent a number of 
years in school, becomes bewildered at 
such a task. 
In examining the higher levels of 
intelligence the manner in which the 
individual reacts to complicated direc- 
tions is frequently suggestive. An ex- 
ample of such a set of instructions is 
given in Fig. 3. 
The useful “form boards,’’ described 
by Dr. Howard A. Knox in the JouRNAL 
oF Herepity for March, 1914, together 
with those of Healy, etc., are much 
of Heredity 
employed; they require the person 
examined to fit blocks into their proper 
places in a frame. Some people insist 
on putting round pegs into square 
holes, and that in itself is significant. 
The Healy pictorial completion test 
shown in Fig. 2 is a test for apperceptive 
ability. Writing with the aid of a 
mirror, as illustrated in Fig. 4, gives an 
idea of the subject’s ability to learn, 
and of his motor-control. Memory, 
concentration, and other easily tested 
abilities are also observed, and the 
examiners are finally able to give an 
accurate judgment of whether the 
subject is mentally capable of holding 
his own in competition in the world, or 
whether he is so constituted that he 
requires special care. 
INVESTIGATION OF HEREDITY 
The family history is one of the most 
interesting and essential features of the 
study which this laboratory makes of 
its patients. The special investigators, 
who have made a careful study of this 
part of the work, visit the home of the 
patient, the schools he attended, his 
favorite resorts, etc., and not only 
gather data concerning his behavior, 
habits, peculiarities, etc., but also make 
special inquiries concerning the mental 
and physical peculiarities of the patient’s 
brothers and sisters, parents, grand- 
parents, aunts, uncles, etc. The report 
of these investigators is usually of 
assistance and sometimes a decisive 
factor in making a diagnosis of the 
patient’s condition. It is already ap- 
parent that heredity is an important 
element to be considered in a study of 
cases of the criminal type. 
“Crime,’”’ says Dr. Bisch, ‘should 
never be considered apart from men- 
tality. Hitherto the police department 
has presented facts regarding evidence 
of guilt when the prisoner was brought 
before the presiding judge. Now, in 
addition, the department also furnishes 
certain facts regarding the mental 
responsibility of the offender. This 
step is a logical one and is another 
proof of the practical value which 
psychology possesses. If a man is 
feebleminded at his fifth conviction, 
he was just as feebleminded at his first 
