376 
of Sulu and parts of Mindanao pos- 
sessed horses, and I have shown that 
these animals might easily have been 
brought by powerful Malayan princes 
as early as the fourteenth century. 
THE MALAY IMMIGRANTS 
But as to the exact origin of the 
animals, we cannot say with certainty. 
The records of Sulu assert that even 
before the arrival of the rajah Baginda 
from Sumatra, the trade of Sulu ex- 
tended to Japan and China on the one 
side, to Java and Molucca on the other. 
Large numbers of natives of Celebes 
are asserted to have migrated to Sulu 
and been assimilated by the people 
there. Furthermore, a large part of 
the Malayan region acknowledged the 
supremacy of the Mongol conqueror 
Kublai Khan, and some of his followers 
might have been responsible for bring- 
ing horses to the Philippines. Again, 
vast hordes of people from Johore are 
said to have migrated to Sulu early in 
the fourteenth century, and might 
easily have brought the animals with 
them. 
Thus it will be seen that there are 
two possible sources from which the 
first horses might have come to the 
Philippines: Malaya, or China. 
In favor of a Malayan origin is the 
fact that the bit used by the Moros is 
not only entirely different from that of 
the Spaniards, but is also dissimilar to 
any Chinese or Japanese bit which I 
have ever’ seen. Whether it is like 
those now used in Malaya, I am unable 
to say. 
But it requires no strain of credulity 
for me to think it probable that horses 
were first brought to the Philippines 
from Sumatra, or one of the neighboring 
islands. 
If we accept, as it seems to me we 
must, the idea that the Sulu horses are 
from some part of Malaya, it seems to 
me most probable that they came from 
the same place the Sulu people did— 
namely, Sumatra. It is possible that 
they have later had an infusion of blood 
from Celebes, or indeed from other 
sources. 
Investigating the modern breeds of 
Sumatra and Celebes, we learn from 
The Journal 
of Heredity 
Hans von Barnekow that there is a 
breed called the Balak, which in use- 
fulness excels all others. Its home is 
the high plateau of Sumatra, especially 
the shores of the great Toba lake. In 
conformation it is handsomer than any 
other of the native breeds, and is as 
good under the saddle as for cultivating. 
All other horses of the western coast of 
Sumatra are known under the collective 
name of Bovenland, although they vary 
a good deal in build and value; they are 
heavier than the Balak but do not equal 
it in utility. 
The Celebes horse is now generally 
called the Macassar and although small 
and not beautiful, is hardy and strong. 
Its owners have long been distinguished 
above all other residents of the Malayan 
region, for skill in horse breeding. 
I am inclined to believe that the Sulu 
horse represents the Batak, with per- 
haps some intermixture of Macassar 
and Bovenland blood. 
These horses of the Moros never seem 
to have become known in the northern 
Philippines. We must next consider 
the origin of the horses found in Luzon 
and other northern islands. 
THE HORSES OF LUZON 
The discovery of the Philippine archi- 
pelago by Magellan marks the opening 
of a new chapter in the history of the 
Philippine horse, which was no longer 
to be the exclusive possession of a few 
Muhammadan tribes in the extreme 
south. 
It might have been supposed that 
the natives of Luzon and the Visayan 
islands would have received the horse 
from Chinese traders who constantly 
visited them. But we are assured by 
the Chinese historian Chua Juka that 
his countrymen only skirted the coasts 
of the islands, and had no direct com- 
munication with the interior of the 
islands. The Spaniards, however, con- 
sidered the horse a necessity: an old 
manuscript relating to the expedition 
of Villalobos, which left Acapulco, 
Mexico, in 1530 to proceed to the 
Philippines, mentions the commander’s 
order that those who take horses may 
take two Indian slaves apiece. 
If any horses were taken, they must 
